IS IT CONTAGIOUS? AN EYE-MOVEMENT AND EMG STUDY OF SMILE AUTHENTICITY JUDGMENT by JUSTIN CHAMBERLAND Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology (M.A.) Faculty of Graduate Studies Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario © JUSTIN CHAMBERLAND, 2016 ii THESIS DEFENCE COMMITTEE/COMITÉ DE SOUTENANCE DE THÈSE Laurentian Université/Université Laurentienne Faculty of Graduate Studies/Faculté des études supérieures Title of Thesis Titre de la thèse IS IT CONTAGIOUS? AN EYE-MOVEMENT AND EMG STUDY OF SMILE AUTHENTICITY JUDGMENT Name of Candidate Nom du candidat Chamberland, Justin Degree Diplôme Master of Arts Department/Program Date of Defence Département/Programme Psychology Date de la soutenance March 10, 2016 APPROVED/APPROUVÉ Thesis Examiners/Examinateurs de thèse: Dr. Annie Roy-Charland (Co-supervisor/Co-Directeur(trice) de thèse) Dr. Mélanie Perron (Co-supervisor/Co-Directeur(trice) de thèse) Dr. Robert Jack (Committee member/Membre du comité) Dr. Joel Dickinson (Committee member/Membre du comité) Approved for the Faculty of Graduate Studies Approuvé pour la Faculté des études supérieures Dr. David Lesbarrères Monsieur David Lesbarrères Dr. Lauri Nummenmaa Acting Dean, Faculty of Graduate Studies (External Examiner/Examinateur externe) Doyen intérimaire, Faculté des études supérieures ACCESSIBILITY CLAUSE AND PERMISSION TO USE I, Justin Chamberland, hereby grant to Laurentian University and/or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or for the duration of my copyright ownership. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also reserve the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that this copy is being made available in this form by the authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research and may not be copied or reproduced except as permitted by the copyright laws without written authority from the copyright owner. iii Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Production of Smiles ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Masking Smiles ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Embodied Simulation ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Electromyography and Facial Mimicry............................................................................ 8 1.4 Emotional Contagion...................................................................................................... 13 1.5 Current Study ................................................................................................................. 16 2 Methods and Materials ............................................................................................................ 18 2.1 Participants ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Materials ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Stimuli ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Emotional Contagion Scale..................................................................................... 21 2.2.3 EMG Measures ....................................................................................................... 21 2.2.4 Eye-Tracking Measures .......................................................................................... 22 2.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 22 2.4 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 23 2.4.1 Behavioural ............................................................................................................. 23 2.4.2 Eye-Movements ...................................................................................................... 24 2.4.3 Electromyography ................................................................................................... 24 3 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 25 3.1 Accuracy......................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.1 Truly Happy Question............................................................................................. 25 3.1.2 Another Emotion Question ..................................................................................... 26 3.1.3 What Emotion Question .......................................................................................... 26 3.2 Eye-Movements ............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.1 Total Dwell Time .................................................................................................... 28 3.2.2 Proportion of Time .................................................................................................. 29 3.3 EMG Activity ................................................................................................................. 30 3.4 Regressions..................................................................................................................... 32 iv 3.4.1 Truly Happy Question............................................................................................. 32 3.4.2 Explicit Knowledge ................................................................................................ 33 3.4.3 EMG Activity.......................................................................................................... 33 4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 36 5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 45 References ..................................................................................................................................... 46 Appendix A ................................................................................................................................... 53 Appendix B ................................................................................................................................... 54 v List of Figures Figure 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 31 vi List of Tables Table 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 34 Table 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Table 3 .........................................................................................................................................