Title Page A Methodist Perspective on Aid-dependency in Haitian Protestantism A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the faculty of humanities. Doctor of Philosophy (Missiology) 2019 Marcus Torchon School of Arts, Languages and Cultures 1 List of Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms page 8 Abstract page 9 Introduction page 14 Section One: Exploration of Aid-dependency’s Features page 18 Chapter 1. Literature Review page 18 1.1 Literature on General Aid-Dependency page 18 1.1.1 Pre-1949 Aid-Era page 19 1.1.2 1950-2000 Aid-Era page 22 1.1.3 Post-2000 Aid-Era page 32 1.2 Literature on Aid-Dependency in Haiti page 39 1.2.1 Precursor to Aid-Dependency – Slavery page 40 1.2.2 Precursor to Aid-Dependency – Economic Disempowerment page 45 Conclusion page 51 2 Chapter 2. Article page 55 The Interplay between Aid-dependency, Church Growth and Holistic Mission in Haitian Protestantism Introduction page 55 2.1 What is Going on in Haitian Protestantism? page 57 Descriptive-empirical Task 2.1.1 Historical Narrative 1 page 57 Aid-Dependency, a Functional Praxis, 1817-1950 Theoretical Category I (TCI): Aid Embodies Characteristics page 63 of Empowerment 2.1.2 Historical Narrative 2 page 64 Aid-Dependency, a Potentially Inhibitive Praxis, 1950-2017 Theoretical Category II (TCII): Aid-dependency Fosters Socio-economic Disempowerment page 66 2.2 Mission Engagement page 70 2.2.1 Positive Mission Engagement page 70 Theoretical Category III (TCIII): Aid-dependency Has Contributed page 78 to Ineffective Poverty-alleviation 2.2.2 Supplementary Positive Mission Engagement page 82 2.3 Why is this Going on in Haitian Protestantism? page 86 Interpretative Task Conclusion page 86 3 Section Two: Application and Outcome of Research page 89 Methodology Chapter 3. Research Design, a Multi-Disciplinary Methodology page 89 Introduction page 89 3.1 Proposed Field of Study and Thesis Question page 89 3.2 Methodology of Inquiry page 93 3.3 Methods of Data Collection page 99 3.4 Procedures for Data Analysis page 113 Conclusion page 120 Chapter 4. Report and Analysis of Empirical Datasets page 121 Introduction page 121 4.1 Quantitative Description page 126 4.2 Qualitative Description page 130 4.2.1 Core Theme A. Positive Contribution of Aid page 130 4.2.2 Core Theme B. Inhibitive Outcome of Aid-dependency page 134 4.2.3 Core Theme C. Expression of Disempowerment page 152 4.2.4 Core Theme D. Alternative Responses page 169 Conclusion page 174 4 Chapter 5. Hypothesis Claim Discussed page 174 Introduction page 174 5.1 First Lens: page 175 Foreign presence in Haiti has primarily contributed to the reality of aid-dependency in Haitian Protestantism 5.2 Second Lens: page 191 Aid-giving is an essential component of integrated mission in contrast to aid-dependency which disempowers. 5.3 Third Lens: page 205 The practices and modalities of aid-dependency have become tools of economic disempowerment in Haitian Protestantism 5.4 Fourth Lens: page 221 For all FMDs’ aid-work in Haitian Protestantism the outcome is consistently overshadowed by a disempowering culture of silence which inhibits poverty-alleviation initiatives Conclusion page 235 5 Section Three: Shaping the Church of the Future page 237 Towards Self-sufficiency Chapter 6. A Dreamed Church page 237 What Ought to be Going on in Haitian Protestantism? Normative Task Introduction page 237 6.1 Theological Imperative page 238 6.2 Theological Scrutiny page 240 6.3 Theological Vision page 243 Conclusion page 248 Chapter 7. Re-imagining Haitian Church page 248 How Might We Respond? Pragmatic Task Introduction page 248 7.1 Phase One: Foreign Expertise and Recalibration page 252 7.2 Phase Two: Seeking an Agreed Consensus page 256 7.3 Phase Three: Potential Agreed Consensuses page 259 7.4 Phase Four: Empowering Strategies page 266 Conclusion page 273 6 Bibliography page 278 Appendix 1: Pilot Questionnaire page 306 Appendix 2: Pilot Interview Questions: Leaders of Local Churches page 309 Appendix 3: Pilot Interview Questions: Leaders of Foreign Missions page 310 Appendix 4: The Questionnaire for Ministers and Teachers page 311 Appendix 5: Interview Questions: Leaders of Local Churches page 314 Appendix 6: Interview Questions: Leaders of Foreign Missions page 315 Word Count 81500 7 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ASPACREP Association des Parents des CREP (Parents Association of CREPs) EPER Entraide Protestante des Églises Reformées de Suisse (Protestant Mutual Aid of Reformed Churches of Switzerland) ESRs Enslaved St. Domingue Residents FP Foreign Presence FMDs Foreign Missionary Developers GDP Gross Domestic Product HICs High Income Countries HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries HMC Haitian Methodist Church MEBSH Mission Evangélique Baptiste du Sud d’Haïti (Haiti Southern Evangelical Baptist Mission) IMF International Monetary Fund LICs Low Income Countries MCB Methodist Church in Britain MCCA Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas MDGs Millennium Development Goals NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations RAED Report and Analysis of Empirical Datasets SAPs Structural Adjustment Programmes SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UMCOR United Methodist Church of Relief UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development 8 Abstract Aid-dependency in Haitian Protestantism attracts a diverse range of views which either endorse or dispute its usefulness in alleviating the suffering of the economically poor. This debate is equally recurrent, globally, in secular as well as church settings. As part of the debate, this thesis portfolio studies aid-dependency as a research problem, that is, an intellectual stimulus, calling for an answer in the form of a research inquiry. The inquiry delineates a multi- disciplinary research methodology with a distinctive focus on the qualitative characteristics of a case study in Haitian Methodism and the tasks of practical theology. The methodology is further constituted by both a literature review which provides etic data and fieldwork which welcomes emic data. The outcome generates a hypothesis which is constructed as ‘Aid- dependency has disempowered Haitian Protestantism by inhibiting self-sufficiency’. Continuing with this, etic data embodies the hypothesis in three literary-based theoretical categories: (1) ‘aid embodies characteristics of empowerment’, (2) ‘aid-dependency fosters socio-economic disempowerment’, and (3) ‘aid-dependency contributes to ineffective poverty- alleviation’. Furthermore, emic data sustains the hypothesis in four core themes: (1) ‘positive contribution of aid’, (2) ‘inhibitive outcome of aid-dependency’, (3) ‘expression of disempowerment’, and (4) ‘alternate response’. Altogether, on the pivot of aid-dependency, the themes socio-economic disempowerment and empowerment encapsulate the telos of the portfolio. Pragmatically, this advocates the empowerment of the Haitian majority. To achieve this, empowerment narratives and strategies invite aid-providers to validate aid-receivers’ informed consent and distil their paternalistic objectifying perspective. This empowerment alternative requires agreed institutional and national consensuses to break disempowering cultures of silence and epitomize the Haitian collective dream of prosperity in a context of needed change. The portfolio explores aid-dependency’s features, creates the awareness of its functionality and advocates empowerment as a contribution to scholarly knowledge. 9 Declaration: I declare that no portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Copyright Statement: COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The following four notes on copyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights must be included as written below: i. 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