ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Volume 3 P–Z General Editor Geoffrey Khan Associate Editors Shmuel Bolokzy Steven E. Fassberg Gary A. Rendsburg Aaron D. Rubin Ora R. Schwarzwald Tamar Zewi LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 Table of Contents Volume One Introduction ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Contributors ............................................................................................................ ix Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... xiii Articles A-F ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Two Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles G-O ........................................................................................................................ 1 Volume Three Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles P-Z ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Four Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Index ................................................................................................................................... 1 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 350 relative clause: biblical hebrew Ephratt, Michal. 1981. “Initial bkp in nouns after such as temporal, causal, and complement prepositions” (in Hebrew). Lłšonénu 45:40–55. clauses (3). Henkin, Roni. 1997. “Dissimilation of bkp in verbal clusters, a grammatical problem of the verb in spo- ken Hebrew” (in Hebrew). A present to Hadasa, (1) RC (clausal modifier of a nominal head): ָ ֽא ֹנ ִ ֙כי ְי ָ ֣הוה ֱא ֶֹ֔להיָך ֲא ֶ ֧שׁר ֵהוֹצ ִ ֛אתיָך ֵמ ֶ ֥אֶרץ ִמ ְצַ ֖ר ִים -ed. Yaakov Ben-Tulila, 199–209. Beer-Sheva: Ben ån< òúì YHWH ±Æß lòhÆúå< ±åš≥ Ær± ִמ ֵ ֣בּ ֥ית ֲﬠ ָבִ ֑ ֽדים .Gurion University Joüon, Paul and Takamitsu Muraoka. 2006. A gram- < < mar of biblical Hebrew. Roma: Pontifical Biblical hòßèμìúå mè-±ÆrÆß mißrayim mib-bèμ ≠≥∫å≈ìm Institute Press. ‘I am YHWH, your god, who brought you GKC = Kautzsch, Emil (ed.). 1910. Gesenius’ Hebrew out from the land of Egypt, from the house grammar. Trans. by Arthur E. Cowley. Oxford: of slavery’ (Deut. 5.6) Clarendon. Morag, Shelomo. 1959. “Planned and unplanned (2) NP-internal PP (phrasal modifier of a nomi- ַוֵ֨יּ ֶלְך ִ֜אישׁ ִמ ֵ ֧בּית ֶ ֣ל ֶחם ְי ָ֗הוּדה ָל ֙גוּר :(development in Modern Hebrew”. Lingua nal head way-yèlÆú ±ìš mib-bèμ lÆ™Æm ִבּ ְשׂ ֵ ֣די ָ֔מוֹאב .263–8:247 Ravid Diskin, Dorit. 1995. Language change in child yëhù≈å< lå< g9 ùr bi-«≈è mò±å< ∫ ‘and a man from and adult Hebrew. New York: Oxford University Press. Bethlehem of Judah went to live in the ter- ——. 1998. “Acquisition of derived nominals in ritory of Moab’ (Ruth 1.1) Hebrew: Developmental and linguistic principles”. (3) Complement clause (clausal modifier of ַוּב ִמּ ְד ָבּ ֙ר ֲא ֶ ֣שׁר ָר ִ֔א ָית ֲא ֶ ֤שׁר ְנ ָשׂ ֲא ָ֙ך :(Journal of Child Language 25:229–266. verbal head ——. 2001. “Vowel reduction in Modern Hebrew: < < < u-∫am-mi≈bår ±≥šÆr rå±ìμå ±≥šÆr ְי ָ ֣הוה ֱא ֶֹ֔להיָך Traces of the past and current variation”. Folia Linguistica 35:371–397. në«å< ±≥úå< YHWH ±Æß lòhÆúå< ‘and in the wil- Rosén, Haiim B. 1977. Contemporary Hebrew. The derness where you saw that YHWH, your Hague: Mouton. god, carried you’ (Deut. 1.31) Shatil, Nimrod. 2003a. “On the meaning of some developments in spoken Hebrew’s morphology” (in Hebrew). Hebrew: A living language 3, ed. by We can formally define RCs by combining two Rina Ben-Shahar and Gidon Toury, 329–352. Tel- properties that are both syntactic and semantic Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad. ——. 2003b. “Successions of consonants in the in nature: subordination and a pivot constituent binyanim qal and nif’al in spoken Hebrew” (in (de Vries 2002:14; 2005:127–128). As a subor- Hebrew). Haivrit Wea≤yoteha 2–3:291–310. dinate clause, RCs (like other phrasal or clausal Schwarzwald (Rodrigue), Ora. 1981a. Grammar and adjuncts, such as adjectives and adverbs) are reality in the Hebrew verb (in Hebrew). Ramat- Gan: Bar-Ilan University. grammatically dependent on the constituents ——. 1981b. “Grammaticality in Modern Hebrew”. they modify (the head). They may be syntacti- Middle East Studies 13:11–19. cally optional, even though their content may ——. 1984a. “Analogy and regularization in mor- be semantically necessary for the identification phophonemic changes: The case of the weak verbs in post-biblical and colloquial Modern Hebrew”. of the head within the discourse. Afroasiatic Linguistics 9:15–28. Concerning the pivot, notice a difference ——. 1984b. “Markedness relations in the pro- between relative and complement clauses in יהוה nunciation of the prefixed particles in Modern (1) and (3): in the RC in (1) the head NP Hebrew”. Afroasiatic Linguistics 9:73–86. Weinberg, Werner. 1966. “Spoken Israeli Hebrew: YHWH ‘YHWH’ plays two roles, one within Trends in the departures from classical phonol- the matrix clause (as the predicate nomina- ogy”. Journal of Semitic studies 11:40–68. tive) and one as the head of the appositive RC; in (3) the NP YHWH plays only one Nimrod Shatil < < në«å±≥úå ְנ ָשׂ ֲא ָ֙ך Zefat Academic College) role, as the subject of the verb) ‘carried you’ within the complement clause. Another way to characterize the pivot con- Relative Clause: Biblical Hebrew stituent is, as Downing notes, that “RCs have the form of clauses from which [a copy of the The ‘relative clause’ (RC) is the primary strat- antecedent] . has been deleted” (1978:379; egy for modifying a nominal constituent (i.e., also Andrews 2007:206). In other words, the the relative head) with a clause-level constitu- head plays a role within the RC because it has ent (1). The RC thus contrasts both with non- been extracted and promoted to the higher clause-level nominal modifiers, such as Noun clause. This process of ‘promotion’ is illustrated Phrase (NP)-internal prepositional phrases (PP) for Biblical Hebrew (henceforth, Hebrew) (2), and with clause-level modifiers of verbs, in (4): © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 relative clause: biblical hebrew 351 Relative Elements .2 ֶ֜אֶרץ ֲא ֶשׁ ַ ֣ר־תְּר ִתּי :Relativization with a gap (4) ÆrÆß ±≥šÆr-tartì ___ låh< Æm = [NP± ָל ֶ֗הם ±ÆrÆß [RC tartì ±ÆrÆß låh< Æm]] ‘A land that I The constituents that mark Hebrew RCs are explored ___ for them’ (Ezek. 20.6) variously referred to as ‘relative pronouns’, ‘relative adverbs’, or more generally, ‘relative In RCs that have a resumptive constituent, the particles’. Cross-linguistically, relative elements gap/trace/copy has been overwritten lexically fall into three basic categories: relative pro- with a coreferential item, such as the clitic pro- nouns, relative particles (sub-divided into com- noun on the accusative marker in (5): plementizer, marker, and affix), and resumptive pronouns (see de Vries 2002:62–63, 155–178). (5) Relativization with a resumptive element: Relative and resumptive pronouns, as their -hå-< ±år< Æß ±≥šÆr tår< ù ±òμåh< name implies, carry pronominal agreement fea ָה ָ֙אֶר ֙ץ ֲא ֶ ֣שׁר ָתּ ֣רוּ ֹא ָ֔תהּ ‘The land that they explored it’ (Num. tures (person, gender, number, and/or case) 13.32) which in some way match the agreement fea- tures of the relativized noun in its roles within There is significant cross-linguistic diversity in the RC. Relative markers are similar in that RC features (see Downing 1978; Lehmann they show some pronominal characteristic(s), 1984; de Vries 2002; Andrews 2007). The e.g., agreement features; however, the agree- parameters which are relevant for Hebrew, ment features on relative markers do not reflect and are therefore discussed in the remainder the relative head’s syntactic role within the of this entry, are (1) the hierarchical status of RC but rather its role within the matrix clause the RC, namely whether it is embedded within (relative markers provide what is essentially the Determiner Phrase (= DP, i.e., Noun Phrase redundant information, which explains why with a determiner head) or whether it has the they are a very rare relative element type cross- status of a correlative); (2) the type of rela- linguistically). In contrast to pronouns and tive element; (3) the presence and position of markers, relative complementizers and affixes the relative head; and (4) the semantics of the do not carry agreement features. modification (restrictive or appositive). Hebrew uses both relative markers and com- plementizers, the latter being more common 1. The Hierarchical Status of by far. Based on historical-comparative recon- Relative Clauses struction and a few hints in the Hebrew Bible, it seems that Hebrew used to employ a relative RCs may be embedded or correlative. Hebrew marker which was homophonous with the so- restrictive RCs are embedded, and most are called near demonstratives (see Exod. 13.8; adjacent to the NP heads that they modify, as 15.3, 16; 2 Sam. 14.2; Isa. 25.9; 42.24; 43.21; in (6) (a few RCs are extraposed, that is, at a Pss. 9.16; 10.2; 17.9; 31.5; 32.8; 74.2; 78.54; distance from their head; see Holmstedt 2001; 104.8, 26; 132.12; 142.4;