Silverio-Fernández et al. Visualization in Engineering (2018) 6:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40327-018-0063-8 REVIEW Open Access What is a smart device? - a conceptualisation within the paradigm of the internet of things Manuel Silverio-Fernández* , Suresh Renukappa and Subashini Suresh Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is an interconnected network of objects which range from simple sensors to smartphones and tablets; it is a relatively novel paradigm that has been rapidly gaining ground in the scenario of modern wireless telecommunications with an expected growth of 25 to 50 billion of connected devices for 2020 Due to the recent rise of this paradigm, authors across the literature use inconsistent terms to address the devices present in the IoT, such as mobile device, smart device, mobile technologies or mobile smart device. Based on the existing literature, this paper chooses the term smart device as a starting point towards the development of an appropriate definition for the devices present in the IoT. This investigation aims at exploring the concept and main features of smart devices as well as their role in the IoT. This paper follows a systematic approach for reviewing compendium of literature to explore the current research in this field. It has been identified smart devices as the primary objects interconnected in the network of IoT, having an essential role in this paradigm. The developed concept for defining smart device is based on three main features, namely context-awareness, autonomy and device connectivity. Other features such as mobility and user- interaction were highly mentioned in the literature, but were not considered because of the nature of the IoT as a network mainly oriented to device-to-device connectivity whether they are mobile or not and whether they interact with people or not. What emerges from this paper is a concept which can be used to homogenise the terminology used on further research in the Field of digitalisation and smart technologies. Keywords: Smart devices, Internet of things, Mobile devices, Digitalisation, Smart technologies Introduction the IoT are: transportation, smart city, smart domotics, In 2011 Cisco predicted that 50 billion of Things would be smart health, e-governance, assisted living, e-education, connected to the Internet by 2020 (Evans, 2011). On the retail, logistics, agriculture, automation, industrial manu- other hand, more recent investigations show that 25 bil- facturing, process management, among others (Gubbi, lion devices will be connected to the internet by 2020 and Buyya, Marusic, & Palaniswami, 2013) and (Miorandi, those connections aim at facilitating the process of au- Sicari, De Pellegrini, & Chlamtac, 2012). tonomous intelligent decision making (Gartner, 2014). No There are many ways to define the IoT, some popular matter which prediction is right the main highlight is that definitions are: smart things will be several times more than the estimated world population. “a dynamic global network infrastructure with self- The IoT is proliferating across all sectors, creating op- configuring capabilities based on standard and portunities and becoming a competitive marketplace interoperable communication protocols where weapon as the focus of primary benefits, shifts from physical and virtual ‘Things’ have identities, physical both internal and external improvements of the world- attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent wide industries (Gartner, 2016). Sectors benefitted from interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network” (Van Kranenburg, 2008). * Correspondence: [email protected] “Things having identities and virtual personalities Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Silverio-Fernández et al. Visualization in Engineering (2018) 6:3 Page 2 of 10 to connect and communicate within social, & Cox (2015) addresses tablets, cloud technologies, Radio environmental, and user contexts” (INFSO, 2008). Frequency Identification Tag and wearable devices as mo- bile technologies when tablets, smartphones and wearables (Lopez, Rios, Bao, & Wang, 2017) established three are devices that implement various mobile technologies. main components required for the IoT namely Smart This misconception is led by the lack of a clear concept of things, network infrastructure and backend servers (see smart device. Fig. 1). This simplified architecture describes the essence This paper intends the define a clear and scalable con- behind the paradigm of the IoT. The Smart devices seen cept of Smart device, which researchers around the Fig. 1 are designed to interact both with users and other globe can use for further research. The review method- devices connected to the network, some of these devices ology is described in Section 3, findings are explained in might not even require interacting directly with users. section 4, and the conclusions are discussed in section 5. There is a broad range for the objects or “things” in the IoT, some of these objects can get different names in Justification the literature, such as smart devices, mobile devices, Nowadays the paradigm of Industry 4.0 aims at introdu- smart things or smart objects. Smart devices are consid- cing a new level of organisation and control within the ered objects capable of communication and computation current industry, thus taking the last industrial revolu- which range from simple sensor nodes to home appli- tion to a new level of efficiency. Figure 2 shows the four ances and smartphones (Stojkoska & Trivodaliev, 2017). industrial revolutions and locates the Industry 4.0 within This author also considers smart devices as the objects a chronological context. Each industrial revolution was present in the network of the IoT. separated by a hundred years. Differently, the industry 4. The devices in the IoT should have the capability to 0 comes after only half a century. The term Industry 4.0 dynamically adapt to the changing contexts and take ac- is regarded as a fourth industrial revolution which tions based on their operating conditions; they should defines a new level of organisation and control over the be self-configuring and interoperable, having unique entire value chain of the life cycle of products Rüßmann identities and being able to communicate and exchange et al. (2015). The central objective of Industry 4.0 is ful- data with other devices and systems (Ray, 2016). There- filling individual customer needs which affect areas such fore, smart device should be context-aware and have as management, research and development, manufactur- network connectivity. ing, utilisation and recycling of products. Currently, in the literature, different terms are found One of the key players in this revolution is the IoT, for what this paper calls smart devices. Lo, Yu and Tseng which attempts to collect and analyse data and be part (2014) used the term smart device, whereas İlhan, Yıldız, of the core process of all industries. According to Lee, & Kayrak (2016) used the term smart mobile device. Kao & Yang (2014) The industry 4.0 relies on the IoT The term mobile devices is also used by some authors, for converting regular machines to self-aware and self- such as Lau, et al. (2017), Khan & Khan (2017) and Furth- learning machines, hence improving their overall müller & Waldhorst (2012). Azhar & Cox (2015)usesthe performance and maintenance management with the terms “mobile tools”, “mobile technologies” and “mobile surrounding interaction. devices” for devices that allow workers to get instant ac- Industry 4.0 proposes a significant change in how cess to project documents, plans and specifications. Azhar things work in the Built environment, but there is also Fig. 1 Simplified structure of the IoT Silverio-Fernández et al. Visualization in Engineering (2018) 6:3 Page 3 of 10 Fig. 2 Four industrial revolutions the natural environment which has no or little human This paper follows a systematic approach for reviewing intervention (for example, the rural sites along train compendium of literature to explore the current re- tracks which interconnect cities). The IoT can also be a search in this field. The search for peer-reviewed jour- valuable tool for gathering relevant data for different in- nal articles has been done via databases, subsequently, dustries in the Built and natural environment. this allowed to perform a literature review. A litera- In order to help with this embedment of the IoT into ture review is a systematic and reproducible method the different industries on a worldwide level, several in- for identifying and synthesising the existing body of vestigations have already contributed with frameworks recorded work generated by researchers or scholars and toolkits for development of Smart cities through the (Fink, 2013). It provides a summary of themes and implementation of the IoT. Some examples are: issues in a specific research field. The literature was searched using the online service An information framework for creating smart city Google Scholar and Science Direct. The main advan- through the implementation the Internet of Things tages of these services are ease of use and broader uni- (Jin et al., 2014). verse of cited and citing items (Franceschet, 2010). Building a Framework for Internet of Things and Cloud Computing (Anon et al., 2014). Selection criteria Stojkoska and Trivodaliev (2017) highlights Smart devices Stojkoska & Trivodaliev (2017) highlights Smart de- as the core devices present in the IoT. On the other hand, vices as the core devices present in the IoT hence Lanotte and Merro (2018) mention both smart devices and when developing any research or business project re- mobile devices. Bisio et al.