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University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 891S6S9 Tonos and its relatives: A word study Fisher, Scott Alden, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1989 UMI 300 N. Zceb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 i TONOS AND ITS RELATIVES: A WORD STUDY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate ■ School of the Ohio State University By Scott Alden Fisher, B.A., M.A. ♦ # j(c # # The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Jane M. Snyder David E. Hahm — /A ■ AdviserviserZ Brian D. Joseph rtment of Classics To Professors Keith Aldrich and John Vaughn ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would have died in its infancy without the kind financial, scholarly, and emotional support of a number of family members, friends, and institutions. It is impossible for me to thank everyone fully, but I would like to acknowledge here my debt to my family and friends; my thanks go also to the faculty members at the University of California at Santa Barbara, the Uni­ versity of Illinois, and The Ohio State University, without whose encouragement I could not have finished any degree in Classics. I must credit Prof. Thomas Mathiesen with the idea for my disserta­ tion; I thank him for kindly offering it to me. My cousin Rick and his Eurodollar Bond Market inspired me more than he can know. Maura Lafferty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill’s WORDSEARCH Program graciously did a computer search for me, while generous and timely help in word processing was given both by Michelle Aubrecht, my neighbor, and by Madonna Alessandro of the OSU Department of Classics (all of the department’s people, in fact, have charitably endured my loitering and my repeated requests for help.) My current employer, Urbana (Ohio) University, and ray students during the past five years have understood and encouraged my divided loyalties, allowing me the luxury of having a job while earning a degree. And to two of my committee members, Professors David Hahm and Brian Joseph, I owe thanks for much inspiration and many of whatever good thoughts I may have recorded herein; thanks also to Prof. Martha Maas, who, though a late-coraer to my committee, nonetheless generously consented to serve and to bring her expertise from the OSU Department of Music. I am chiefly grateful, though, to Professor Jane Snyder, my adviser, who for five difficult years alternately cajoled and chastised me into action, sensing intuitively when to use the boot and when the kind word; and to my dear wife, Professor Susan Fisher, who performed the same offices at home, and who, along with ray sons Justin and Christopher, tolerated with almost incredible love and patience a husband/father who was indeed a "prisoner of dissertation." VITA 17 October 1950 . ...................Born - Jamestown, New York 1974 ................................B.A. in Classics, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara 1980 .......... ............ M.A. in Classics, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara 1980-81 .............................. Graduate work in Classics at the Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Charapaign 1981-Present ........................ Ph.D. studies at The Ohio State University 19B4-Present ........................ Assistant Professor of English, Urbana University, Urbana, Ohio FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Greek Philology TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ iii-iv VITA ..................................................... v INTRODUCTION..................... 1 Notes to Introduction......................... 5 CHAFTER PAGE I. THE ETYMOLOGY OF -rdvoS AND ITS RELATIVES AND THEIR APPEARANCE IN HOMERIC LITERATURE ...................... 6 Notes to Chapter 1................................ 42 II. t 6v o $ AND ITS RELATIVES DURING THE ARCHAIC PERIOD . 50 Notes to Chapter I I .................... ..... 68 III. rdvos AND ITS RELATIVES IN THE MAJOR AUTHORS OF THE FIFTH C E N T U R Y ................................... 72 Notes to Chapter III .......................... 115 IV. TtSvoS AND ITS RELATIVES AT THE TURN OF THE FOURTH CENTURY IN PLATO AND X E N O P H O N .......................... 125 Notes to Chapter IV .................................175 V. Tdvos AND ITS RELATIVES IN THE HIPPOCRATIC CORPUS. 181 Notes to Chapter V ........................... .. 203 VI. CONCLUSION........................................ 206 LIST OF REFERENCES........................................ 213 vi INTRODUCTION The Greek word rdvoS* ancestor of English ''tone'* with that word’s several meanings, can be traced back through literature at least to the fifth century B.C. and the works of Aeschylus and perhaps Xenophanes. In it3 early appearances in literature, Tdvoj ranges in meaning from the braces of a bed to the pitch or accent of a syllable to a quarter in a city, ^ but by ca. 300 B.C. tc5vos is firmly in place as a technical term in the vocabularies of both musicology and philosophy— in which capacity it has been studied in several modern w o r k s . 2 My own effort is aimed at documenting the usage of t<5vo£ and certain related words from their earliest appearances in major authors down to the time of Plato. A history of the evolution of t6vos and some of its- relatives may prove useful to anyone dealing with the passages that I examine, and if my work aids in clarifying some of the problems raised by the inconsistent usage of rdvoS in musical writings of the third century and later, so much the better. Ultimately, a word study of tc S v o s can also serve as a specific illustration of the larger processes by which words over the years are adapted into or dropped from the common parlance of a language 2 or that language's specialized vocabularies: while Tdvos takes on a variety of meanings over time, the word early on finds its way into contexts having to do with music and never loses that musical connection. I wish to present evidence showing that Tdvos was a "musical'' word long before it was picked up by musicologists. Among verb forms related to Tdvos, I will also document (at least insofar as extant Greek literature is a suitable data base) the decline in literary preference for forms of ravdu and TiTa(vii> (the former closely connected with an ancient Indo-European stem), as these are supplanted in almost all writers and genres by t e £v u , which is apparently a Greek c r e a t i o n . ^ By contrast, however, noun- and adjective-forming prefixes in Tava- and t o v u - are resurrected or created anew repeatedly, especially by poets; I will briefly survey these forms that somehow escaped the fate of Tavdw. Thus, my study focuses upon TdvoS; upon words that are or seem to be compounds of Tdvos (i.e., Tdvos joined with a variety of prefixes and suffixes); upon the simplex and compound forms of TCtvdw, t i t o Cv u , and t e £v w , with occasional references to Tava- and Tavu— formations; and upon related forms from the Indo-European ♦ten- stem and a derivative formation in Greek, the tan- stem. The result is in part a catalogue, since I hope to have gleaned from Greek literature of the eighth through early fourth centuries B.C. every secure attestation of the words under study.^ At the same time, I intend to reduce the mass of my material by relegating to 3 footnotes the instances in a later author of a word which is used in much the same way as in an earlier author, unless something in the context in the later work call3 for special attention. The spotlight, then, will be upon the first appearances of words and their first usages in a particular sense, whether these occur in an earlier or a later author. In addition, I make comments from place to place on interesting features in passages under discussion— comments which, while perhaps not immediately pertinent to the study of t <5v o S» may make my work as a whole more interesting and readable. The arrangement of my examination of authors and works is roughly chronological; in some cases, however, it is not possible to tell precisely when an author lived, or when his/her works were written. Furthermore, the dates for an author’s life or for the placing of a work within the author’s corpus'are sometimes determined, in part, on stylistic grounds.