A Study on The CULT of Cybele The Cult of Cybele The cult of Cybele is said to have originated in Asia Minor, near Pergamum. As a deity connected to the concerns of women, as a healer, and as a protector from enemies, Cybele was often associated with Rhea, mother of Zeus and Demeter. Cybele is known by several epithets, such as Magna Mater and Mater Deum (deum = deorum, a syncopated poetic form). Her home was said to be Mount Ida, near the city of Troy. Early depictions show her first as a lump of black stone, then as an earth mother. After the Greeks colonised Asia Minor, the cult spread -- but not without violence. A priest of Cybele is said to have been murdered while trying to introduce the cult into Athens. When the city was struck by a plague, Greeks consulted an oracle (probably the one at Delphi) and were told to build a temple to Cybele. The goddess Cybele During the second Punic War, Hannibal was having much success subduing towns and villages in Italy and was approaching Rome. The Senate consulted the Sybilline Books and learned that, should a foreign enemy invade Italy, he could be deterred only if the worship of the "Mother of Mount Ida" were brought to Rome. Always ones to hedge their bets, the Romans sent a delegation to the oracle at Delphi. A treaty was made with Philip V of Macedon and he permitted the Romans to bring back to Rome both the statue and a black meteorite that personified the divine Cybele. In 194 BCE, a temple was built on the Palatine Hill to the new goddess, who was known as Magna Mater. New games were initiated to celebrate her (the normal procedure for introducing a new deity to Rome). Her popularity grew so fast that, by the end of the Roman Republic, the cult of Cybele had become one of the most important in the Roman world. She must have had a powerful reputation, since her temple was frequented by some of the powerful of Rome. She was considered responsible for good crops (in her Demeter connection) and military victories. Dionysus of Halicarnassus records that specific laws were passed when some of the undesirable aspects of the cult became apparent. Cybele's religion was a bloody cult that required its priests and priestesses as well as followers to cut themselves during some rituals. The priests castrated themselves at their initiation; there was wild music, chanting, and frenzied dancing. During the Republic and early Empire, festival days were celebrated with eunuchs preceding the goddess through the streets, banging cymbals and drums, wearing bright attire and heavy jewelry, their hair long and 'greased'. Priests and priestesses were segregated, their activities confined to their temples, and Roman citizens were not allowed to walk in procession with them. Neither Roman citizens nor their slaves were allowed to become priests or priestess in the cult. No native-born Roman citizen was to be allowed to dress in bright colors, beg for alms, walk the streets with flute players or worship the goddess in 'wild Phrygian ceremonies'. Those Romans who wanted to continue to worship the goddess set up secret societies known as sodalitates so they could dine together in the goddess' honor. !1 Early Christians condemned the cult as demonic. By the 4th century Emperor Valentinian II officially banned her worship and allowed cruel persecutions of any who continued the practice. During the reign of Justinian, property was seized, any items of worship were burned, temples were destroyed, and those who still followed the cult were tortured, forced to commit suicide, or buried alive. By the 6th century AD the cult was extinct. Cybele coin - The goddess Cybele is usually depicted in art with a crown and veil (300k - requires Quicktime to view content). Sources: Religions of Rome, Volume I, Mary Beard, John North, Simon Pierce, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 96-99, 164-166, 263. • http://hunter.apana.org.au/~gallae/pantheon/social/cultofcybele.htm, website accessed Nov 12, 2003. • http://www.eaze.net/~dene/cybele.jpg, website accessed accessed Nov 12, 2003. • http://cthulhu.kittyfox.net/images/cybele.jpg, website accessed accessed Nov 12, 2003. - J. Jahnige, November 2003 (revised 2006) KYBELE (Cybele) was the ancient Phrygian Mother of the Gods, a primal nature goddess worshipped with orgiastic rites in the mountains of central and western Anatolia. The Greeks identified her with their own mother of the gods … the Titaness Rhea. This page describes the myths of Kybele set in her homeland of Phrygia including the distinctly non-Greek myth of her hermaphroditic birth and her love for the youth Attis. Stories in which Kybele's is conflated with the Greek Rhea can be found on the separate Rhea-Kybele page. !2 FAMILY OF CYBELE PARENTS 1. SKY-GOD & EARTH-GODDESS * (Pausanias 7.17.8) * Pausanias equates these Phrygian gods with the Greek gods Zeus and Gaia. OFFSPRING 1. KORYBAS (by Iasion *) (Diodorus Siculus 5.48.2) 2. ALKE-KYBELE (by Olympos) (Diodorus Siculus 5.48.2) 3. SABAZIOS-DIONYSOS (suggested in Nonnus Dionysiaca 9.136) 4. MIDAS (Hyginus Fabulae 191 & 274) * Iasion is the Samothrakian counterpart of Attis and Korybas the first of the Korybantes. ENCYCLOPEDIA CYBELE. The Thracians conceived the chief divinity of the Samothracian and Lemnian mysteries as Rhea-Hecate, while some of them who had settled in Asia Minor, became there acquainted with still stranger beings, and one especially who was worshipped with wild and enthusiastic solemnities, was found to resemble Rhea. In like manner the Greeks who afterwards settled in Asia identified the Asiatic goddess with Rhea, with whose worship they had long been familiar (Strab. x. p. 471; Hom. Hymn. 13, 31). In Phrygia, where Rhea became identified with Cybele, she is said to have purified Dionysus, and to have taught him the mysteries (Apollod. iii. 5. § 1), and thus a Dionysiac element became amalgamated with the worship of Rhea. Demeter, moreover, the daughter of Rhea, is sometimes mentioned with all the attributes belonging to Rhea. (Eurip. Helen. 1304.) The confusion then became so great that the worship of the Cretan Rhea was confounded with that of the Phrygian mother of the gods, and that the orgies of Dionysus became interwoven with those of Cybele. Strangers from Asia, who must be looked upon as jugglers, introduced a variety of novel rites, which were fondly received, especially by the populace (Strab. 1. c.; Athen. xii. p. 553 ; Demosth. de Coron. p. 313). Both the name and the connection of Rhea with Demeter suggest that she was in early times revered as goddess of the earth … Under the name of Cybele, we find her worship on Mount Sipylus (Paus. v. 13. § 4), Mount Coddinus (iii. 22. § 4), in Phrygia, which had received its colonists from Thrace, and where she was regarded as the mother of Sabazius. There her worship was quite universal, for there is scarcely a town in Phrygia on the coins of which she does not appear. In Galatia she was chiefly worshipped at Pessinus, where her sacred image was believed to have fallen from heaven (Herodian, i. 35). King Midas I. built a temple to her, and introduced festive solemnities, and subsequently a more magnificent one was erected by one of the Attali. Her name at Pessinus was Agdistis (Strab. xii. p. 567). Her priests at Pessinus seem from the earliest times to have been, in some respects, the rulers of the place, and to have derived the greatest possible advantages from their priestly functions. Even after the image of the goddess was carried from Pessinus to Rome, Pessinus still continued to be looked upon as the metropolis of the great goddess, and as the principal seat of her worship. Under different names we might trace the worship of Rhea even much further east, as far as the Euphrates and even Bactriana. She was, in fact, the great goddess of !3 the Eastern world, and we find her worshipped there in a variety of forms and under a variety of names. As regards the Romans, they had from the earliest times worshipped Jupiter and his mother Ops, the wife of Saturn. When, therefore, we read (Liv. xxix. 11, 14) that, during the Hannibalian war, they fetched the image of the mother of the gods from Pessinus, we must understand that the worship then introduced was quite foreign to them, and either maintained itself as distinct from the worship of Ops, or became united with it. A temple was built to her on the Palatine, and the Roman matrons honoured her with the festival of the Megalesia. The manner in which she was represented in works of art was the same as in Greece, and her castrated priests were called Galli. The various names by which we find Rhea designated, are, "the great mother," "the mother of the gods,"Cybele, Cybebe, Agdistis, Berecyntia, Brimo, Dindymene, "the great Idaean mother of the gods." Her children by Cronos are enumerated by Hesiod : under the name of Cybele she is also called the mother of Alce, of the Phrygian king Midas, and of Nicaea (Diod. iii. 57; Phot. Cod. 224). In all European countries Rhea was conceived to be accompanied by the Curetes, who are inseparably connected with the birth and bringing up of Zeus in Crete, and in Phrygia by the Corybantes, Atys, and Agdistis. The Corybantes were her enthusiastic priests, who with drums, cymbals, horns, and in full armour, performed their orgiastic dances in the forests and on the mountains of Phrygia. The lion was sacred to the mother of the gods, because she was the divinity of the earth, and because the lion is the strongest and most important of all animals on earth, in addition to which it was believed that the countries in which the goddess was worshipped, abounded in lions (comp.