Modelling music: a theoretical approach to the classification of notated Western art music Deborah Theresa Lee Doctor of Philosophy City, University of London Department of Library and Information Science May 2017 1 2 Table of Contents Table of figures .................................................................................................................. 14 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 16 Declaration ........................................................................................................................ 19 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 19 List of classification schemes and other abbreviations and initialisms ............................ 20 Chapter 1. Introduction 1. Introduction to Chapter 1 ......................................................................................... 22 2. The “music” in “music classification” ........................................................................ 23 2.1. The various types of music information............................................................ 23 2.2. Music as sound and notation ............................................................................ 24 2.3. The musical work .............................................................................................. 25 2.4. Types of music ................................................................................................... 28 3. The “classification” in “music classification” ............................................................ 30 3.1. Classification and knowledge organization ....................................................... 30 3.2. Taking a theoretical approach........................................................................... 32 3.3. The importance of facets .................................................................................. 32 3.4. Introducing classification schemes ................................................................... 33 3.5. Focus on music information as part of music classification .............................. 34 4. Non-LIS classification ................................................................................................ 35 4.1. Terminological issues ........................................................................................ 35 4.2. Comparing LIS and non-LIS classifications ........................................................ 36 4.3. Domain classifications for music ....................................................................... 37 5. Research questions ................................................................................................... 38 6. Outline of the thesis .................................................................................................. 39 Chapter 2. Literature review 1. Introduction to Chapter 2 ......................................................................................... 44 2. Music classification literature: LIS domain................................................................ 45 2.1. History and quantity of literature ..................................................................... 45 2.2. Specific types of approaches to LIS music classification discourse ................... 48 2.2.1. Classification scheme approach ................................................................ 48 2.2.2. Project approach ....................................................................................... 48 3 2.2.3. Music domain approach ............................................................................ 49 2.2.4. Utilizing music domain technique for LIS analysis .................................... 49 2.3. Major music classification themes .................................................................... 50 2.3.1. Theme 1: scores and literature .................................................................. 50 2.3.2. Theme 2: faceted classification and music ................................................ 50 2.3.3. Theme 3: “other” musics .......................................................................... 51 2.3.4. Theme 4: classification and retrieval ........................................................ 52 2.3.5. Theme 5: music classification schemes ..................................................... 52 2.4. Seminal texts in LIS music classification ............................................................ 55 2.5. Casting a wider net: two broader, music classification topics .......................... 56 2.5.1. Classification of sound recordings in libraries ........................................... 56 2.5.2. Subject indexing and subject headings for music ...................................... 57 3. Music classification literature: music domain ........................................................... 59 4. The comparative perspective and other perspectives on classifying music ............. 62 4.1. Comparing music classification in the LIS and music domains ......................... 62 4.2. Classifying music as information and knowledge ............................................. 63 4.3. Classifying music using non-LIS documents ...................................................... 64 5. Conclusion to Chapter 2 ............................................................................................ 65 Chapter 3. Methodology 1. Introduction to Chapter 3 ......................................................................................... 68 2. Methodology 1: Literature and conceptual analysis................................................. 69 2.1. Use of literature and conceptual analysis methodologies ............................... 69 2.2. Re-purposing literature analysis as a form of content analysis ........................ 69 2.3. Techniques of literature search, trawl and sampling ....................................... 71 3. Methodology 2: Classification scheme analysis ........................................................ 73 3.1. Outline of classification scheme sampling ........................................................ 73 3.2. Selecting three example classification schemes ............................................... 74 3.3. Using the case study methodological framework for classification schemes analysis .......................................................................................................................... 76 3.4. Selecting a broad set of 15 classification schemes ........................................... 77 3.5. Using the broad set of 15 classification schemes ............................................. 80 4. Methodology 3: Music domain analysis ................................................................... 81 4.1. Literature and conceptual analysis ................................................................... 81 4.2. Classification scheme analysis .......................................................................... 83 4 4.3. Grove composer worklists ................................................................................ 84 5. Methodology 4. Synthesis of different analyses ....................................................... 88 6. Ethical considerations ............................................................................................... 89 7. Conclusion to Chapter 3 ............................................................................................ 89 Chapter 4. The facets of music 1. Introduction to Chapter 4 ......................................................................................... 91 2. General theories of faceted classification ................................................................. 92 2.1. “Faceted-ness”, facet analysis and faceted classification ................................. 92 2.2. Defining a faceted classification scheme .......................................................... 93 2.3. Ideas of order: citation order and order within arrays ..................................... 95 2.4. Fundamental facets and PMEST ....................................................................... 96 2.5. Independence of facets ..................................................................................... 98 3. Finding the facets of music ..................................................................................... 100 3.1. Facets in music classification schemes ................................................................ 101 3.1.1. BCM ........................................................................................................... 101 3.1.2. Dickinson ................................................................................................... 101 3.1.3. Flexible ....................................................................................................... 104 3.1.4. Conclusions concerning BCM, Dickinson and Flexible’s facets ................. 105 3.2. Music facets in LIS music classification discourse ........................................... 105 3.3. Meta-facets of music....................................................................................... 109 3.3.1. IAML facets .............................................................................................. 110 3.3.2. Redfern facets ......................................................................................... 111 3.3.3. Elliker’s