KSS Plantez Binnenr. -, u 6700 t"< Vi/.. t- i, J„,NJ Integrated control of insect pests in the Netherlands Editors:A.K . Minks and P. Gruys (~x-^S- gtltuut voor onderzoek niTr^iiiùiiiiiii nTîiiii ii ii MarjJ 67Q9^PG Wageninge ? Tfirt^08370-11821/11752 Wageningen Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation 1980 !c-, Il _ i- 'l ) rJ - i i Coverdrawing . Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.)draw nb yH .Beeke ,Researc hStatio nfo rFrui t Growing,Wilhelminador p (Zeeland). ISBN9 022 071 62 (c)Centr efo rAgricultura lPublishin gan dDocumentation ,Wageningen ,198 0 Nopar to fthi sboo kma yb ereproduce dan dpublishe d inan yform ,b yprint ,photoprint , microfilmo ran yothe rmean swithou twritte npermissio nfro mth epublishers . Contents Ut\Afc>^T)Ätifff' < agenin-- 'm - 11821/11752 Introduction 1 1 Fruit crops 3 1.1 Developmento fa nintegrate dcontro lprogra mfo rorchard s (P. Gruys) 5 1.2 Implementation ofintegrate d control inorchard s (P. Gruys, D.J. de Jong & H.J. Mandersloot) 11 1.3 Tortricidsi nintegrate dcontro li norchard s (D.J. de Jong) 19 1.4 Populationregulatio no fth efruit-tre ere dspide rmit ePanonychu sulm i bypredator s (M. van de Vrie) 23 1.5 Biologyan dcontro lo fsecondar y insectpest si nfrui tcrop s (D.J. de Jong) 29 1.6 Relationbetwee ninsec tpest so fapple ,an dthei rparasite san dpredator s (H.H. Evenhuis) 33 1.7 Natural control of the leaf-miner Stigmella malella in apple orchards (P. Gruys) 37 1.8 The sterile-male technique in control of Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (G.W. Ankersmit) 43 1.9 Threshold of economic injury for apple powdery mildew and scab (H.A.Th, van der Scheer) 49 1.10 Fungi from phyllosphere and carposphere in relation to integrated control in an apple orchard (G. van den Ende) 53 2 Field crops 57 2.1 Integrated control of aphid-borne viruses of potatoes (D. Hille Ris Larribers) 59 2.2 Transmission of potato leafroll virus (M.B. Ponsen) 67 2.3 Aphids in sugar-beet (J. Gut) 71 2.4 Aphids on wheat (P.H. Vereijken & W.P. Mantel) 75 2.5 Significance of predators on the development of insect pests in crops (W. Nijveldt) 79 2.6 Approachest ointegrate dcontro lo fsoi larthropod si nsugar-bee t (W. Heijhroek, C.F. van de Bund, P.W.Th. Maas, C.A.A.A. Maenhout, V.R. Simons & G.M. Tichelaar) 83 2.7 Mesofauna ofarabl e soil (C.F. van de Bund) 87 2.8 Sterile-insect techniquefo rcontro lo fth e onionmaggot ,Deli a antiqua {J. Ticheler, M. Loosj'es & J. Noorlander) 93 2.9 Genetic controlo fth eonio n fly,Deli aantiqua ,wit h chromosomalre ­ arrangements {A.S. Robinson & C. van Heemert) 99 2.10 Integrated controlo fpest si noutdoo r vegetable crops {H. den Ouden S J. Theunissen) 103 3 Greenhouse crops 107 3.1 Integrated controlo fvegetabl e pestsi ngreenhouse s {J.C. van Lenteren, P.M.J. Ramakers &J. Woets) 109 3.2 Astrai no fPhytoseiulu s persimilis (Acari:Phytoseiidae ) resistantt o organophosphoruscompound s {G.G.M. Schulten) 119 3.3 Evaluationo fth epredaciou s miteAmblyseiu sbiben s {L.H.M. Blommers & W. Helle) 121 3.4 Geneticso fresistanc ei nspide rmite s fromros ehouse s {W.P.J. Overmeer & W. Helle) 125 3.5 Inductionan dterminatio no fdiapaus ei nth e spidermit e Tetranychus urticae {A. Veerman) 129 3.6 Isolationmechanism si npopulation so fspide rmit ei nros ehouse s {W.P.J. Overmeer, A.Q. van Zon & W. Helle) 133 3.7 Genetic controlo fth egreenhous e spidermit eTetranychu s urticae {A.M. Feldmann) 137 4 Insect-host plant relations 141 4.1 Host-plant selectioni nth eColorad opotat obeetl e {J.H. Visser &J. de Wilde) 143 S 4.2 Roleo fchemoreceptor si nhost-plan t recognitionb yinsect s {L.M. Schoonhoven) 147 4.3 Physiological conditiono fth epotat oplan tan dpopulatio n developmento f Myzuspersica e (P. Harrewijn) 151 4.4 Nutritional relationshipbetwee nhos tplant s andphytophagou smite s {J.J.H. Storms) 155 4.5 Elementsi nth epopulatio n dynamicso fEuprocti s chrysorrhoeao nroadsid e trees {F.J. van der Linde) 159 5 Host-plant resistance 163 5.1 Resistancet oaphid si nbarle y andwhea t {G.A.M. van Marrewijk & F.L. Dieleman) 165 5.2 Breedingo fcarro t (Daucus carota)fo rresistanc et ocarro tfl y(Psil a rosae) {O.M.B. de Ponti & J.C. Freriks) 169 5.3 Breedingonio n (Alliumcepa )fo rresistanc et oonio nfl y(Deli aantiqua ) {O.M.B. de Ponti) 173 5.4. Resistancei nlettuc e (Lactucasativa )t oth egree npeac h aphid (Myzus persicae) {A.E. Eenink & F.L. Dieleman) 177 5.5 Breeding lettuce (Lactuca sativa)fo rresistanc et oth eaphi d Nasonovia ribisnigri {F.L. Dieleman &A.H. Eenink) 183 5.6 Breeding tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)fo rresistanc et oth egreenhous e whitefly (Trialeurodesvaporariorum ) {O.M.B. de Ponti S N.G. Hogenboom) 187 5.7 Breeding cucumber (Cucumis sativus)fo rresistanc et oth etwo-spotte d spidermit e (Tetranychus urticae) {O.M.B. de Ponti) 191 5.8 Breeding glabrous cucumber (Cucumis sativus)varietie st oimprov eth e biological controlo fth e greenhousewhitefl y (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) {O.M.B. de Ponti) 197 6 Pheromones and attraetants 201 6.1 Isolationan didentificatio no fpheromone s {F.J. Ritter S C.J. Persoons) 203 6.2 Synthesisan dinvestigatio no fpotentia l sexpheromone so finsect s {S. Voerman) 207 6.3 Useo fse xpheromone sfo rth econtro lo fleaf-roller si norchard s (C. van der Kraan, P. van Deventer & A.K. Minks) 211 7 Selective insecticides 215 7.1 Processesi nselectiv e toxicityo finsecticide st oinsect s {F.J. Oppenoorth & W. Welling) 217 7.2 Fungitoxicmechanis mo forganophosphoru s compounds {M.A. de Waard) 221 7.3 Modeo factio no fdiflubenzuro n {W.H. van Eck &F.J. Oppenoorth) 223 7.4 Impacto fth e insecticide diflubenzurono ninsectivorou s birds {R.H. de Reede) 225 7.5 Effect of pesticides on predacious mites {A.Q. van Zon S L.P.S. van der Geest) 111 8 Insect hormones 231 8.1 Endocrine regulationo fseasona l statesi nth eColorad opotat obeetle , Leptinotarsadecemlineat a {C.A.D. de Kort, H. Schooneveld & J. de Wilde) 233 8.2 Effectso fjuvenil e hormonean dsom e analogueso ncast e differentiationan d behaviouri nth ehone ybee ,Api smellifer a {J. Beetsma) 241 8.3 Useo finsec t growth regulatorswit h juvenile hormone activityt ocontro l Adoxophyes orana: laboratory studies {H. Schooneveld) 245 8.4 Useo fth e insectgrowt h regulator,epofenonane ,i nintegrate d controli n orchards {J.P. van der Molen &P. Gruys) 251 9 Micro-organisms, viruses and nematodes 255 9.1 Trialswit hBacillu s thuringiensis against lepidopterous pests {L.P.S. van der Geest &H.J.M. Wassink) 257 9.2 Baculovirusesa sagent si nbiologica l control {D. Peters) 261 9.3 Restriction endonucleases:a ne wtoo li nbaculoviru s identification {J.M. Vlak) 265 9.4 Control of aphids with insect pathogens (L.P.S. van der Geest, H.A. Samson & H.J.M. Wassink) 271 9.5 Controlo finsect swit hnematode s [U.R. Simons) 275 10 Supporting techniques 279 10.1 Systemsanalysi san dsimulatio na sa nai dt oth eunderstandin go facarin e predator-preysystem s (R. Rabbinge &M.U. Sabelis) 281 10.2 Epidemiologyo fth ecerea laphid ,Sitobio navena e (G.W. Ankersmit & R. Rabbinge) 291 10.3 Msteorologyan dintegrate dpes tcontro l (W.N. Lablans) 297 10.4 Radionuclides andionizin gradiatio ni nresearc ho nintegrate dcontro l y.Ph.W. Noordink) 301 Introduction Thirtyfiv eyear sago ,th efirs tsyntheti cinsecticide sastounde dal lthos eengage di n thecontro lo fpest swit hthei runprecedente deffectiveness .No tver ylon gafte rthei r introductioni nagriculture ,however ,scientist sbega nt oquestio nth eunqualifie dbenefi t thatman yexpecte dfro mpesticides .I nth eNetherlands ,Voût e (1946),Kuene n (1948)an d Briejèr (1949)expresse dthei rdoubt sabou tth ecours eplan tprotectio nwa staking .Th e needt oresum eresearc ho nnon-chemica lmethod so fpes tcontro lwa sincreasingl yrecognize d and,i n1956 ,Professo rD eWild eo fth eAgricultura lUniversity' sDepartmen to fEntomolog y established acommitte et ocoordinat ean dstimulat eresearc ho nsuc hmethods .O n2 0Septem ­ ber 1958,thi scommitte ereceive dofficia lstatu swithi nth eauspice so fth eTN ONationa l Councilfo rAgricultura lResearc ha sth eWorkin gPart yo nIntegrate dContro lan dobtaine d additionalfund st oinitiat eresearc ho nintegrate dcontro l furthert owha tcooperatin g researchinstitute swer ealread ydoing .D eWild ean dD eFluite ro fth eResearc hInstitut e forPlan tProtectio ninitiate da wid evariet yo factivities .Unti lhi suntimel ydeat hi n 1970,D eFluite rwa sals oactiv ei nth einternationa lscene . Duringit searl yyears ,th eWorkin gPart yconcentrate do nbasi cstudie si ninsec tphys ­ iology,biochemistr yan dpopulatio ndynamic sa sa backgroun d tointegrate dcontrol .Late r theemphasi sgraduall yshifte dt opractica lapplication .Th eacquisitio nb yth eWorkin g Partyo fit sow nexperimenta lfrui tfar mi n196 5contribute dt othi sshift ;th eapproac h advocatedcoul dther efreel ypu tt oth etest . TheWorkin gPart yha sno wcom eo fag ean dthi sboo ksum su pwha tha sbee nachieve dfo r readersi nothe rcountries ,describin gsom esixt yproject so nth etheor yan dpractic eo f integratedcontrol .I tbring stogethe ran dupdate sinformatio nfro mscattere dpublication s andprovide ske yreference sfo rthos eintereste d inth edetails . Duringth eWorkin gParty' sexistence ,considerabl eprogres sha sbee nachieve di nback ­ groundknowledg ean dpractica lapplicatio no fintegrate dcontro lo fpests .Supervise dcon ­ troli sno wgenerall yaccepte di nth epolic yo fplan tprotection .W emus ttak ecar ean d indeedhav ereaso nt ofea rtha tthos econcerne dwit hpes tcontro lwil l lookfo rth eeas y wayou tan dcompromis eth emethod so fsupervise dcontrol .Biologica lcontro l issuccessfull y appliedi nsom esituations ;an da numbe ro fselectiv epesticide shav ereache dth emarket .