4 NEW YORK STATE TECHNICAL & ECONOMIC MAGLEV EVALUATION New York State Energy Research and Development Authority The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (Energy Authority) is responsible for the development and use of safe, dependable, renewable and economic energy sources and conservation technologies. It sponsors energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D) projects and financing programs designed to help utilities and other private companies fund certain energy-related projects. The Energy Authority is a public benefit corporation which was created in 1975 by the New York State Legislature. In working toward these goals, the Energy Authority sponsors research, development and demonstration projects in two major program areas: Energy Efficiency and Economic Development, and Energy Resources and Environmental Research. Under its financing program, the Energy Authority is authorized to issue tax-exempt bonds to finance certain electric or gas facilities and special energy projects for private companies. The Energy Authority also has res~nsibility for constructing and then operating facilities for the disposal of low-level radioactive wastes produced in New YoA State. The generators of these wastes ultimately will bear the costs of the instruction of these facilities. A 13-member board of directors governs the Energy Authority, with William D. Cotter, Commissioner of the State Energy Office, serving as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. Irvin L. White, President of the Energy Authority, manages its programs, staff and facilities. The Energy Authority derives its basic RD&D revenues from an assessment levied on the intrastate sales of New York State’s investor-owned electric and gas utilities. Additional RD&D funds come from the investment of retained earnings, as well as from an annual contribution from the New York Power Authority. The Energy Authority’s RD&D program is also supported by funds from a variety of cosponsors, including utilities, universities, industries, private engineering and scientific research firms, local governments, and State and Federal agencies. For further information on the Energy Authority’s programs, contact the Department of Communications, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, phone (51 8) 465-6251, extension 272. State of New York Energy Research and Development Authority Mario M. Cuomo, William D. Cotter, Governor Chairman Irvin L. White, President NEW YORK STATE TECHNICAL & ECONOMIC MAGLEV EVALUATION Final Report Prepared for THE NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Project Manager Richard Drake and THE NEW YORK STATE THRUWAY AUTHORITY Project Manager David Frank Prepared by GRUMMAN SPACE AND ELE~ONICS DIVISION An Operating Division of Grumman Corporation Bethpage, NY 11714-3588 in conjunction with PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF QUADE & DOUGLAS, INC. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY INTERMAGNETICS GENERAL CORPORATION BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY 1578-EEED-EA-91 Energy Authority Report 91-5 June 1991 Pri.tid on Recyc[.?dPaper —. NOTICE This report was prepared by Grumman Space Systems Division in the course of performing work contracted for and sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, the New York State Thruway Authority and Grumman Corporation (hereafter the “Sponsors”). The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the Sponsors or the State of New York and reference to any specific product, service, process or method does not necessarily constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of same. Further, the Sponsors and the State of New York make no warranties or representations, expressed or implied, as to the fitness for particular purpose, merchantability of any product, apparatus or service or the usefulness, completeness or accuracy of any processes, methods or other information contained, described, disclosed or referred to in this report. The Sponsors, the State of New York and the contractor make no representation that the use of any product, apparatus, process, method or other information will not infringe privately owned rights and will assume no liability for any loss, injury, or damage resulting from, or occurring in connection with, the use of information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report describes the results of a MAGLEV applications study for New York State. The study was a combined effort of a New York State task team and a team of subcontractors led by the Grumman Corporation. The following persons participated in the study: New York State New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Mr. Harry Howansky – Program Manager Mr. David Najewicz Mr. Richard Drake New York State Department of Transportation Mr. Donald Baker Mr. Richard McDonough New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Dr. Richard Gibbs Mr. Jason Grumet New York State Thruway Authority Mr. David Frank Mr. Willard Ristau New York State Department of Economic Development Mr. Donald Krug Subcontractor Team Grumman Corporation Mr. Lowell Deutsch – Subcontractor Program Manager Mr. Michael Proise – Engineering Manager Mr. Robert Rizzo Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. Dr. Brenda Bohlke Mr. Paul Domino Mr. Richard Roberts Mr. Walt Jennings Mr. Ron Bixby Mr. Tom Taylor — General Electric Company Mr. Mark Vermilyea Intermagnetics General Corporation Dr. John Stekly Mr. Dennis Hull Dr. Kris Falkowski Brookhaven National Laboratory Dr. James Wegrzyn In addition, the work was reviewed and comments incorporated from: Dr. James Powell – Brookhaven National Laboratory Dr. Gordon Danby – Brookhaven National Laboratory Mr. John Bivens, Jr. – The Bivens Co. — — CONTENTS Section Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . S-1 1 TECHNICAL SUMMARY . 1-1 1.1 Introduction . 1-1 1.2 The Need for Improved Transportation . 1-1 1.3 Current Status ofMAGLEVinthe United States . 1-3 1.4 Alternate MAGLEVSystems . 1-5 1.5 System Requirements and Characteristics. 1-8 1.6 MAGLEVEnergyUse andAirPolluhon Impacts . 1-14 1.7 New York State Route Evaluations . 1-17 1.8 Market Demand Analysis . 1-22 1.9 Financial Analysis and Economic Impacts . 1-25 1.10 Conclusions . 1-29 1.11 Recommendations . 1-30 1.12 References . 1-31 2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS . 2-1 2.1 Introduction . 2-1 2.2 Performance Requirements . 2-1 2.2.1 Ride Quality . 2-1 2.2.2 Guideway &Vehicle Bank Limits . 2-3 2.2.3 Guideway Vertical Radius ofCurvature . 2-3 2.2.4 Guideway Safety . 2-5 2.2.5 Maintenance, Reliability andLife Cycle . 2-5 2.2.6 Standardized System Specifications . 2-5 2.2.7 Qualification and Acceptance Testing . 2-6 2.3 Environmental Impact Requirements . 2-6 2.3.1- Vehicle Noise . 2-6 2.3.2 Passenger Comfort Requirements. 2-7 2.3.3 Vehicle Flow FieldEffects . 2-8 2.3.4 Health Risk and Electronlagnetic Fields . 2-8 2.4 Top-Level Specification . 2-11 2,5 References . 2-11 3 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATE MAGLEV SYSTEMS . 3-1 3.1 Introduction . 3-1 3.2 Description of Alternate MAGLEV Systems . 3-1 3.2.1 General Description . 3-1 i CONTENTS - Continued .Scctiorl Page 3.2.2 Tr~nsrapid . 3-4 3.~.3 MLU002 . 3-5 3.2.4 MLUOOX . 3-5 3.2.5 ConfigurationOO1 . 3-5 3.2.6 Configuration 002 . 3-6 3.3 Evaluation ofAltemate MAGLEV Systems . 3-6 3.3.1 System Costs . 3-6 3.3.2 Integration with Low-Speed Transportation Systems . 3-6 3.3.3 Ability to Carry Freight . 3-7 3.3.4 Ability to Use Existing Rights-of-Way . 3-7 3.3.5 Ability to Use Passive Track Switching . 3-7 3.3.6 Guideway Alignment Requirements . 3-7 3.3.7 System Safety . 3-8 3.4 Evaluation Summary . 3-9 3.5 References . 3-9 4 MAGLEVSYSTEMSDESIGNAND CONSTRUCTION . 4-1 4.1 Introduction . 4-1 4.2 Vehicle Design Considerations. 4-1 4.2.1 Aircraft Aluminum Structures.. 4-1 4.2.2 Composite Materials . 4-5 4.2.3 Vehicle Weight and Power Optimization. 4-6 4.3 MAGLEV Suspension Technology . 4-8 4.3.1 Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS) . 4-9 4.3.2 Electrodynamic Suspension (EDS) . 4-9 4.3.3 Magnetic Forces . 4-11 4.3.4 Superconducting Magnet Design. 4-11 4.4 hflAGLEV Propulsion Systems. 4-15 4.4.1 Linear Induction Motor . 4-17 4.4.2 Linear Synchronous Motor.... 4-18 4.5 Magnetic Shielding . 4-18 4.6 Guideway Design . 4-23 4.6.1 Guideway Configurations . 4-23 4+6?. Elevated Guideway Structure Design . 4-23 4.7 Track-Switching Evaluation. 4-31 4.8 Vehicle Dynamic Perfornlance . 4-33 4.9 References . 4-36 ii CONTENTS – Continued Scctiorz Page 5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS . 5-1 5.1 Introduction . 5-1 5.2 Transportation Congestion . 5-1 5.3 Local and Regional AirandNoise Pollution . 5-2 5.3.1 AirPollutionin the NewEngland States . 5-2 5.3.2 Pollution Burden in New York Metropolitan Area . ..