U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Corrections JAIL DESIGN GUIDE A Resource for Small and Medium-Sized Jails National Institute of Corrections Monis L. Thigpen, Director Michael A. O'Toole, Project Manager Tom Reid, Project Manager JAIL DESIGN GUIDE A Resource for Small and Medium-Sized Jails Project Director Dennis A. Kimme, A.I.A. Associate Project Director Gary M. Bowker, Corrections Specialist Project Staff Robert G. Deichman, R.A. David E. Bostwick, A.I.A. James R. Rowenhorst, Corrections Specialist This project was supported by grant number 94J04GHZ8 from the National Inst~tuteof Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. November I998 OCopyright 1998. Kimme & Associates, Inc. 807% S. Neil Champaign, LL 61820 217-351-7036 The National Institute of Corrections reserves the right to reproduce, publish, translate, or otherwise use, and to authorize others to publish and use, all or any part of the copyrighted material contained in this publication. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................viii Foreword ...................................................ix Abstract .....................................................x 1 . Background .........................................1- 1 History............................................... 1- 2 Lessons from Experience.......................... 1- 3 Intended Audience.................................. 1-3 Contents .............................................1-4 "Better" Jails ........................................1-4 Operations and Design .............................1-6 Construction Details ................................1-6 2 . Pre-Design Planning .............................2.1 Reasons for Planning ..............................2-2 Can a Prototype Replace the Need to Plan? ..... 2.3 Planning Steps...................................... 2-4 Phase 1: Needs, Options, and Cost Assessment .....................................2- 5 Phase 2: Facility Program ........................ 2-9 When Planning Works Well ......................2 -10 3 . Major Design Considerations ................. 3.1 Site SelectionDesign............................... 3-2 Site Size .........................................3.2 Site Location.................................... 3- 7 Site Costs .......................................3.11 Site Selection Process .........................3. 13 IrnageIAppearance .................................. 3. 15 Exterior ..........................................3- 15 Interior ..........................................3. 16 Describing Desired Appearance ..............3. 18 Classification/Separation .......................... 3. 19 Separation Problems........................... 3. 19 Classification Systems ........................3.22 Resolving the Numbers Problem ............3.23 Designing for Proper Separation .............3.24 Surveillance/Supervision.......................... 3.33 Methods of Surveillance/Supervision ....... 3.33 Design Considerations ........................3.35 Staffing Impact .....................................3.48 Legal Issues ....................................3.49 24-Hour Coverage .............................3.49 Design Factors .................................3.50 Security Perimeter ..................................3.59 Ingredients of Security ........................3.59 Perimeters and Zones.......................... 3 -61 Design Considerations ........................ 3.64 Conclusion...................................... 3 -74 Criminal Justice Interface ..........................3 -75 A General Caution .............................3 -75 Law Enforcement Interface ...................3 -76 Courts Interface ................................3 -81 Attorneys........................................ 3 -84 ProbationParole ...............................3 -85 Conclusion...................................... 3 -85 Functional Components and Relationships................................... 3 -86 Jail Components ...............................3.86 Degrees of Development ......................3 -88 Component Relationships..................... 3-90 Space-Sharing Possibilities................... 3 -94 Conclusion...................................... 3 -96 Planning & Designing to Standards ..............3.97 State Standards .................................3 -97 ACA Commission on Accreditation Standards ...................................3 -98 NFPA Life Safety Code....................... 3.99 Americans with Disabilities Act .............. 3.99 Conclusion ......................................3. 101 Expansion ...........................................3. 102 Why Plan for Expansion? .....................3-102 Expansion Options............................. 3 -102 When to Develop an Expansion Plan ........ 3-103 Setting Expansion Capacity ...................3-103 Vertical vs. Horizontal Expansion ........... 3-104 Conclusion...................................... 3 -107 4 . Detail Functional Components................ 4.1 ...................................... Master Control. 4-2 Descnption...................................... 4-2 Key Decisions.................................. 4-2 Detail Issues ....................................4- 3 Space List .......................................4. 14 Relationships ...................................4. 14 Component Diagram........................... 4. 15 Intake-Release. ......................................4. 16 Descnptlon...................................... 4. 16 Key Decisions ..................................4 -18 Detail Issues ....................................4. 19 Space List .......................................4.42 Relationships ...................................4- 43 Component Diagrams .........................4 -43 General Housing ................................... 4.44 Description ......................................4.44 Key Decisions ..................................4- 45 Detail Issues ....................................4- 46 Space List .......................................4.81 Relationships ...................................4.82 Component Diagram ...........................4.82 Special Housing ....................................4- 83 Description...................................... 4- 83 Key Decisions ..................................4 -84 Detail Issues ....................................4 -85 Space List .......................................4-101 Relationships ...................................4-102 Component Diagrams .........................4. 102 Health Care ..........................................4-104 Description ......................................4 - 104 Key Decisions ..................................4-105 Detail Issues ....................................4- 106 Space List .......................................4- 1 19 Relationships ...................................4- 120 Component Diagram ...........................4 - 120 Visiting Areas .......................................4. 121 Description ......................................4. 121 Key Decisions ..................................4-122 Detail Issues ....................................4.122 Space List ....................................... 4. 131 Relationships ...................................4. 132 Component Diagram ...........................4. 132 Exercise Areas ......................................4. 133 Description...................................... 4. 133 Key Decisions ..................................4. 133 Detail Issues ....................................4.134 Space List .......................................4. 145 Relationships ...................................4 -146 Component Diagram........................... 4 -147 Programs/Services. .................................4. 148 Descnphon...................................... 4.148 Key Decisions.................................. 4-148 Detail Issues ....................................4-149 Space List .......................................4- 164 Relationships ...................................4- 165 Component Diagram ...........................4. 165 Inmate Commissary ................................4- 166 Description...................................... 4. 166 Key Decisions ..................................4. 166 Detail Issues ....................................4. 167 Space List .......................................4 - 170 Relationships ...................................4. 170 Component Diagram ...........................4 - 170 Food Service ........................................4 - 17 1 Description...................................... 4- 17 1 Key Decisions ..................................4 - 172 Detail Issues ....................................4- 172 Space List .......................................4- 180 Relationships ...................................4. 181 Component Diagram........................... 4. 181 Laundry Area .......................................4. 182 Description...................................... 4. 182 Key Decisions ..................................4 - 182 Detail Issues ....................................4. 182 Space List .......................................4- 187 Relationships ................................... 4- 188 Component Diagram........................... 4. 188 AdrninistrationPublic.............................. 4. 189 Description ......................................4.189 Key