1 RECOLLECTIONS OF THE HISTORY OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY THROUGH INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM E. BUNNEY, JR. Edited by Peter R. Martin International Network for the History of Neuropsychopharmacology Risskov 2016 2 William E. Bunney, Jr. (circa 1980) 3 Contents PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 1. THOMAS A. BAN ............................................................................................................................... 9 2. ARVID CARLSSON .......................................................................................................................... 28 3. JOSEPH T. COYLE ............................................................................................................................ 38 4. ELLEN FRANK ................................................................................................................................. 55 5. J. CHRISTIAN GILLIN ..................................................................................................................... 66 6. LOUIS A. GOTTSCHALK ................................................................................................................ 78 7. SALOMON Z. LANGER ................................................................................................................... 89 8. HEINZ E. LEHMANN ..................................................................................................................... 100 9. WILLIAM E. BUNNEY, JR. interviewed by Thomas A. Ban ......................................................... 111 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 125 APPENDIX 1: Curiculum Vitae of WILLIAM E. BUNNEY, JR. ........................................................... 127 APPENDIX 2: Scientific contributions of WILLIAM E. BUNNEY, JR. ................................................ 173 4 PREFACE This volume is the third of the Educational E-Books from the International Network for the History of Neuropsychopharmacology (INHN) on Recollections of the History of Neuropsychopharmacology through Interviews conducted by 1 of the 66 interviwers of the oral history series (OHS) of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP). The first volume of the INHN series includes the 37 interviews conducted by Leo E. Hollister (Martin and Ban 2014) and the second, the 56 interviews conducted by Thomas A. Ban (Martin 2014). An Oral History of Neuropsychopharmacology - The First 50 Years - Peer Interviews is a series of 10 volumes (Ban 2011). It is based on the transcripts of 235 videotaped interviews with 213 clinicians and basic scientists who contributed to the field during the first epoch of its development. The original collection of videotapes is stored in the ACNP Archives in Los Angeles (California, USA) and is accesible on the ACNP website. The text of the transcripts in the OHS and the text of the videotapes are not identical. To render the original transcripts comprehensible and to clarify ambiguous information in the interviews, the transcripts of the videotapes were edited. To ascertain that that the edited transcripts express interviewees’ contributions and thoughts as closely as possible, interviewees were allowed to correct and, if necessary, revise the text (Ban 2011; Blackwell 2011a&b; Fink 2011; Gershon 2011; Katz 2011; Kleber 2011; Levine 2011; Salzman 2011; Shorter 2011; Sulser 2011). Furthermore, to sort out the great variety of information on the videotapes, each transcript was assigned to one of ten volumes, each volume dedicated to a different area of research. In each volume, the story of neuropsychopharmacology is told from a different vantage point (Ban 2011). This volume is a compendium of interviews conducted by William E. Bunney, Jr. in the OHS of ACNP. The text is based but not identical with the edited interviews in the OHS. It is the result of a further edit carried out with the objective to overcome the differences in editing style of the different volume editors in OHS and improve readability as necessary. 5 Bunney was primary interviewer for 8 of the 235 interviews in this series from which two, the interviews with Louis A. Gottshalk and Heinz Lehmann were presented in Volume One – Starting Up, edited by Edward Shorter; one, the interview with J. Christian Gillin in Volume Two – Neurophysiology, edited by Max Fink; two, Arvid Carlsson and Salomon Z. Langer in Volume Three – Neuropharmacology, edited by Fridolin Sulser; another two, the interviews with Joseph T. Coyle and Ellen Frank in Volume 8 – Diverse Topics, edited by Carl Salzman; and one, the interview with Thomas A. Ban in Volume 9 – Update, edited by Barry Blackwell. The Bunney- conducted interviews provide a valuable perspective by virtue of the questions he posed and the stature of the neuropharmacologists interviewed. To offer the reader the opportunity to hear Bunney’s own voice, one interview of Bunney, himself, conducted by Thomas A. Ban (December 10, 2001), originally presented in Volume 9 of OHS, is included to complete this E- Book. This Preface is not intended to summarize, nor can it do justice to Bunney’s many contributions to neuropsychopharmacology and biological psychiatry throughout his long and influential career. To help the reader better understand the scope of Bunney’s academic life and his substantial influence on the field of neuropsychopharmacology, I have included a recently updated version of Bunney’s curriculum vitae (Appendix 1) and an outline of his major scientific contributions (Appendix 2). My goal for this Preface is to provide a few personal vignettes of Bunney and some impressions of his influence since the early 1980s, a period during which I have had the opportunity to observe this field. I first met Dr. Bunney (everyone called him “Biff”), in the fall of 1980, in the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland when I attended a seminar he regularly organized and chaired as Chief of the Biological Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health. I had just arrived from my Psychiatry Residency at the University of Toronto to work with Mike Ebert and Irv Kopin in the Laboratory of Clinical Science and was just getting to know my way around Building 10. The talks organized by Bunney were usually very informative and a useful way for a newcomer to begin to understand what was active and exciting in the Intramural Program of NIMH and to get to know the up and coming contributors of biological psychiatry. Many of the most famous names in the field whose work I had seen in 6 the literature were in the audience and the lectures were truly stimulating. My first impression of Dr. Bunney was that he was somehow different from everyone else in the room. He was dressed like a banker—very elegant in white shirt, conservative tie, and dark blue suit—while everyone else was in shirtsleeves, khakis, Topsiders, with only the occasional tie, mostly at half-mast. Bunney’s introductions were concise, but to the point, and he never failed to mention the number of peer-reviewed publications on the speaker’s curriculum vitae (clearly implying the more publications the better). Dr. Bunney was clearly a man who managed science and scientists with aplomb! His style of research at NIMH was leadership of research teams wherein carefully selected patients were extensively monitored using clinical rating scales and their body fluids were collected and subsequently analyzed for concentrations of biological compounds to seek a better understanding of the underlying psychiatric illnesses and response to treatment with neuropsychopharmacological agents. Although I never knew Dr. Bunney personally, I have followed his career and contributions from my first days at NIMH. (An interesting coincidence was that Blynn Garland, who would soon become Biff’s wife, was one of the many people I met when I first moved into the Promenade, an immense apartment building down the street from the NIH where a number of the new arrivals to Bethesda lived.) Somehow I felt I knew Dr. Bunney via all his colleagues with whom I became acquainted over the years. It is testimony to Bunney’s profound influence in the Intramural Program of NIMH that the vast majority of investigators that I encountered during my years at NIMH/NIAAA were in some way linked to “Biff”, either as his trainee or collaborator. When reviewing his curriculum vitae it is rather remarkable that he co-authored scientific publications with many of the leaders of the Intramural Program of NIMH and of American academic psychiatry and neuroscience. Following is a list of just a few of Bunney’s co-authors whom I met during the early 1980s in the corridors of Building 10 at NIMH in Bethesda or at the scientific meetings we all attended: Jim Ballenger, David Behar, Lavonne Brown, Monte Buchsbaum, Martin Cohen, Robert Cohen, Dieter Naber, Neal Cutler, Mike Ebert, Blynn Garland, Elliot Gershon, Chris Gillin, Phil Gold, Lynne Goldin, Fred Goodwin, David Janowsky, David Jimerson, Marion Kafka, Ned Kalin, Walt Kaye, Bob Kessler, Joel Kleinman, Charles Lake, Markku Linnoila, Ron Manning, Wally Mendelson, Dennis Murphy, Phil Ninan, John Nurnburger, Agu Pert, Candace Pert, Dave Pickar, Linda Porrino, Bob Post, Judy Rapoport, 7 Dave Rubinow, Mika Scheinin, Larry Siever, John Tallman, Tom Uhde,