EVIDENCE LAW SUMMARY LAWSKOOL NEW ZEALAND EVIDENCE LAW TABLE OF CONTENTS THE NATURE OF EVIDENCE AND PRELIMINARY ISSUES 6 Source of evidence law and application 6 Purpose of the act 7 ADMISSIBILITY RULES, PRIVILEGE AND CONFIDENTIALITY 8 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ENQUIRY AS TO ADMISSIBILITY OF 8 EVIDENCE RELEVANCE 9 Relevance versus weight 9 GENERAL EXCLUSION 10 Unfair Prejudice 10 Needlessly prolong the proceeding 11 THE HEARSAY RULE AND ITS EXCEPTIONS 12 A hearsay statement 13 The exclusionary rule 14 General admissibility of hearsay statements 14 Statutory exceptions to hearsay statements 16 OPINION EVIDENCE 18 Non-expert opinions 18 Expert opinion evidence 19 PREVIOUS CONSISTENT STATEMENT 23 Exceptions to the rule 23 VERACITY 25 Definition 26 lawskool.co.nz © EVIDENCE LAW The veracity rule 26 The veracity of a Defendant in criminal proceedings 27 PROPENSITY EVIDENCE 28 Propensity evidence 28 Propensity rules 28 Defendants in criminal proceedings 29 Co-defendants in criminal proceedings 32 Sexual cases 32 Veracity versus propensity 33 PRIVILEGE 34 Definitions and interpretation 34 Legal effect of privilege 34 Section 54: Legal advice privilege 35 Section 56L Litigation privilege 36 Waiver of privilege 36 Powers of judge to disallow privilege 38 TRIAL PROCESS 40 WITNESSES 40 Eligibility and compellability 40 Exception 40 QUESTIONING OF WITNESSES 42 DIRECT EXAMINATION 42 Unacceptable questions 42 Leading questions 42 Refreshing memory 43 CROSS-EXAMINATION 43 lawskool.co.nz © EVIDENCE LAW Cross-examination duties 43 Form of questions 45 Impeaching own witness 45 Previous inconsistent statements 46 Judicial notice 47 CASES Abadom [1983] 1 All ER 364..................................................................................................20 Accused [1992] 1 NZLR 257..................................................................................................10 Air Chathams Ltd v Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (2003) 16 PRNZ 676...............21 Attorney-General v Otahuhu District Court [2001] 3 NZLR 740.............................................39 Auckland City Council v Hapimana [1976] 1 NZLR 731........................................................47 B v Auckland District Law Society [2004] 1 NZLR 326..........................................................37 Bete Fog Nozzle Inc v Delavan Ltd (HC, Auckland CIV 2008-404-169, 18 June 2008)........37 Boardman v DPP [1975] 3 All ER 887...................................................................................30 Calcraft v Guest [1898] 1 QB 759..........................................................................................35 Carter Holt Harvey Ltd v Genesis Power Ltd (No 7) [2007] 3 NZLR 794...............................36 Cropp v Judicial Committee [2008] 3NZLR 774.....................................................................47 Gemini Personnel Ltd v Morgan & Banks Ltd [2001] 1 NZLR 672.........................................38 Guardian Royal Exchange Co v Stuart [1985] 1 NZLR 596...................................................36 Holland v Jones (1917) 23 CLR 149......................................................................................47 ISTIL Group Inc v Zahoor [2003] 2 All ER 252.......................................................................37 Jobe (No 1) (High Court, Nelson T7/91, 8 July 1991)............................................................11 Kapi v Ministry of Transport (1991) 8 CRNZ 49.....................................................................47 Lord Ashburton v Pape [1913] 2 Ch 469................................................................................35 M v R [2008] NZSC 108.........................................................................................................33 National Justice Compania Naviera SA v Prudential Assurance Co Ltd, The Ikarian Reefer [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 68.........................................................................................................21 Pera Te Hikumata v Tucker (1894) 12 NZLR 368.................................................................47 Police v Kohler [1993] 3 NZLR 129........................................................................................39 Porter v Police (HC, Wellington, M258-85, 1 August 1985)...................................................19 Public Transport Authority v Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd (2007) 242 ALR 181...................35 lawskool.co.nz © EVIDENCE LAW R v Accused [1992] 2 NZLR 187............................................................................................30 R v B [1987] 1 NZLR 362.......................................................................................................19 R v Bain (CA 312/2008, 24 December 2008); [2008] NZCA 585...........................................38 R v Baker [1989] 1 NZLR 738..........................................................................................11, 21 R v Barlien [2009] 1 NZLR 170..............................................................................................23 R v Brasier (1779) 1 Leach 199.............................................................................................40 R v Brokenshire (CA 418/04, 23 June 2005).........................................................................18 R v During [1973] 1 NZLR 366...............................................................................................10 R v Eade (2002) 19 CRNZ 470..............................................................................................20 R v Kincaid [1991] 2 NZLR 1..................................................................................................17 R v Harbour [1995] 1 NZLR 440............................................................................................21 R v Healy [2007] 3 NZLR 850..........................................................................................30, 32 R v Herewini (15/8/07, HC Rotorua) CRI 2006-063-3151.......................................................9 R v Holtz [2003] 1 NZLR 667...........................................................................................31, 33 R v Hovell [1986] 1 NZLR 500...............................................................................................16 R v Howe [1982] 1 NZLR 618................................................................................................10 R v King [2007] 2 NZLR 137..................................................................................................38 R v Lahina [2008] NZCA 251.................................................................................................27 R v Makoare [2001] 1 NZLR 318...........................................................................................20 R v McIntosh (1991) 8 CRNZ 514..........................................................................................31 R v Mohan [1994] 2 SCR 9....................................................................................................21 R v O’Hagan [2009] 1 NZLR 490...........................................................................................33 R v Roberts [1942] 1 All ER 187, 191....................................................................................23 R v S [2008] NZCA 152..........................................................................................................24 R v Scarrott [1978] 1 All ER 672............................................................................................30 R v Shortland [2007] NZCA 37...............................................................................................15 R v Smith (1915) 11 Cr App R 229........................................................................................29 R v Smith [1989] 3 NZLR 405 ...............................................................................................23 R v Smith [2007] NZCA 400 .....................……………………………………………..................9 R v Straffen [1952] 2 All ER 657............................................................................................30 R v Taea [2007] NZCA 472....................................................................................................31 R v Toka (1994) 11 CRNZ 601..............................................................................................18 R v Whitehad (1886) LR 1 CCR 33........................................................................................40 Ratten v R [1971] 3 All ER 801 (PC)......................................................................................13 Russell & Somers Ltd v Wellington Harbour Board [1977] 2 NZLR 158................................13 Shah v Police [2006] 2 NZLR 425..........................................................................................18 Smith v R (2001) 206 CLR 650..............................................................................................18 lawskool.co.nz © EVIDENCE LAW Solosky v R (1979) 105 DLR (3d) 745...................................................................................35 Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor [1956] 1 WLR 965 (PC)..................................................13 lawskool.co.nz © EVIDENCE LAW The nature of evidence and preliminary issues The laws of evidence consist of the rules and principles applied by courts in the process of fact-finding at a trial. The evidence of a fact that tends to prove an inference is called admissible evidence. There are several exclusionary rules, under which