The United Kingdom’s Conduct of War in Iraq and Syria: The Implementation of Operation Shader against DAESH (2014-2016) By Muhammad Arief ID No. 016201300169 A Thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities President University in partial Fulfillment of the requirements of Bachelor’s Degree in International Relation Specialization in Security, Defense, and Strategic Studies 2017 THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER This thesis titled “The United Kingdom’s Conduct of War in Iraq and Syria: The Implementation of Operation Shader against DAESH (2014-2016)” prepared and submitted by Muhammad Arief in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Relations in the Faculty of Humanities as it has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense. Cikarang, Indonesia, May 2017 _____________________________ DR. Endi Haryono,M.Si. i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I declare that this thesis, titled “The United Kingdom’s Conduct of War in Iraq and Syria: The Implementation of Operation Shader against DAESH (2014-2016)” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree. Cikarang, Indonesia, May 2017 ________________________________ Muhammad Arief ii PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL The Panel of Examiners declare that the thesis entitled “The United Kingdom’s Conduct of War in Iraq and Syria: The Implementation of Operation Shader against DAESH (2014-2016)” that was submitted by Muhammad Arief, majoring in International Relations from the School of Humanities was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on June 2nd , 2017. Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D. Chair – Panel of Examiner Indra Alverdian, S.S, MSi. Thesis Co-Adviser – Examiner DR. Endi Haryono,M.Si. Thesis Adviser iii ABSTRACT Muhammad Arief, 016201300169, The United Kingdom’s Conduct of War in Iraq and Syria: The Implementation of Operation Shader against DAESH (2014-2016) Advisors: DR. Endi Haryono,M.Si. And Indra Alverdian, S.S, MSi. The conflict in Syria and Iraq has taken a new level with the involvement of a new actor,DAESH. The arrival of DAESH in the civil war of Iraq and Syria brought Tyranny into the chaos. The United Kingdom along with its global coalition, took to the war against DAESH in September 2014, under the military strategy codenamed: Operation Shader. The military campaign in Iraq and Syria is just one aspect of that broader strategy which also includes measures to restrict the flow of foreign fighters, stop foreign financing, provide humanitarian assistance to Iraq and Syria and strategic communications (propaganda, public diplomacy and psychological operations) intended to counter ISIS’ ideology. The terror group is still ravaging around in the aforementioned states. This thesis aims to explain UK’s military strategy operation against DAESH in Iraq and Syria as well as finding the comparison of the implementation of the strategy between those states. Keywords: Military Intervention, Airstrike, United Kingdom, DAESH, Iraq, Syria iv ABSTRAK Muhammad Arief, 016201300169, The United Kingdom’s Conduct of War in Iraq and Syria: The Implementation of Operation Shader against DAESH (2014-2016) Pembimbing: DR. Endi Haryono,M.Si. and Indra Alverdian, S.S, MSi. Konflik di Suriah dan Irak telah mencapai tingkat baru dengan keterlibatan aktor baru, DAESH. Kedatangan DAESH dalam perang saudara Irak dan Suriah membawa Tirani ke dalam kekacauan. Inggris bersama dengan koalisi global lainya, melakukan perang perlawanan terhadap DAESH pada bulan September 2014, dengan strategi militer dengan initial: Operation Shader. Kampanye militer di Irak dan Suriah hanyalah satu aspek dari strategi yang lebih luas yang juga mencakup langkah- langkah untuk membatasi arus pejuang asing, menghentikan pembiayaan luar negeri, memberikan bantuan kemanusiaan ke Irak dan Suriah dan komunikasi strategis (propaganda, diplomasi publik dan operasi psikologis), yang dimaksudkan untuk melawan ideologi DAESH. Kelompok teror masih merosot di negara-negara tersebut. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan implementasi operasi strategi militer Inggris melawan DAESH di Irak dan Suriah serta menemukan perbandingan pelaksanaan strategi antara negara-negara tersebut. Kata Kunci: Intervensi Militer, Serangan Udara, Inggris DAESH, Irak, Suriah v ACKNOWLEDGMENT At last the moment that I have been waiting for is finally show up. The moment when I finish this thesis and show to the examiner that I am capable to deserve the title Muhammad Arief BA.IR. I am definitely cannot make it without their great support in helping me to finish this Thesis. First of all I would like to start my gratitude by giving thanks to the Almighty God, Allah SWT, for without his blessing and grace, I would have never been born, I cannot feel how beautiful is this world, I cannot feel how great it is to have family, I also cannot meet all those idiots in President University and etc. Second I would like to express a tremendous gratitude’s to my parents, who never forget me always remind me to pray, who always listen to all my problems. I do believe without their support this thesis would be impossible to accomplish. There were not any words that can express my feeling how lucky I am that has parents like them. Third I would like to thank my fist advisor Mr.Endi Haryono. Who amazingly show his skills in teaching me how the thesis should be done. Without his continuous optimism concerning to my thesis, enthusiasm, encouragement and support this thesis would hardly have been completed. I also express my warmest gratitude to my other advisor Mr.Indra Alverdia who make realizes how important knowledge is. He taught me a lot about the defense policy and war as well. Their help are also an essential support that made me finish my thesis. I wish that I can be like them someday. And I am really proud to call them my lectures. I owe my deepest gratitude to Commander in Chief in Prodigy Empire Rama Adianto Supriyadi and the 3rd division commander in Warlord stronghold Gabriel Partogi Shihombing. Who always encouraged me to finish my thesis. They become my vi walking google and the most important thing is they believe that I am a true genius, even I am not confident to be called a genius. But they never stopped to believe in my potential. And for the sake of everyone that believe in me I cannot fail in this Thesis. Fortunately I admit because of them I can enter the ZONE, as the result I can finish my thesis on time. And also special thanks to Maitri who help me a lot in creating this thesis, without her I would say that it is impossible for me to finish this on time. Last but not least I would like to extend my thanks to all of my friends of IR Presuniv 2013, especially my subordinated in Prodigy Empired:Jeff, Dwiki, Zakaria, Zizi, Dastin Dimaz, Yesua Andrew, Abdul, Mae, Jasmine and Faghfirly. For all of the fun and sad moments we shared together. If I may the honor to list all of memories that we have done together here, the entirety of this thesis would just be story about us. I hope the graduation ceremony that held in 22nd of July would not be the last time we meet. th Cikarang, May 26 , 2017 Muhammad Arief vii TABLE OF CONTENT THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER ........................................... i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY .....................................................................ii PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL…………………………………………...iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................iv ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLRDGEMENT………………………………………………………….vi TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………...viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………xi CHAPTER I I.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .................................................................... 1 I.2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION......................................................................... 2 I.3. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ........................................................................... 3 I.4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE .................................................................................. 4 I.5. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY ................................................................................ 4 I.6. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................... 4 I.6.1. STRUCTURAL REALISM ...................................................................... 4 I.6.2. THREAT PERCEPTION.......................................................................... 6 I.6.3. MILITARY INTERVENTION ................................................................ 7 1.6.3.1 MILITARY OPERATION......................................................................9 I.7. SCOPE AND LIMITATION STUDY………………………………………...10 I.8. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………..10 I.9. STRUCTURE OF THESIS ............................................................................... 11 CHAPTER II II.1. IRAQ .................................................................................................................. 12 II.2. BACKGROUND OF THE CONFLICT IN SYRIA ...................................... 13 II.2.1.