Choosing An Orientation? -- Entrenched Learnings (Vol. 2) (Orientation Acquisitions: Heterosexual, Homosexual, Smoking, Disordered Eating, Etc.) L.L. Morton, PhD Professor Emeritus University of Windsor Faculty of Education 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4 [email protected] DRAFT August 2013 iteration © Dr. L. L. Morton Running Head: A Smoking Analogy Informs Psychological Orientations A Smoking Analogy Informs Psychological Orientations-- 2 Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 1: Thinking ..................................................................................................................... 29 Analogical Thinking ................................................................................................................ 29 Multiple-Constraints Theory ............................................................................................ 29 Structure-Mapping Theory ............................................................................................... 30 Analogical Thinking In Rational Contexts .............................................................................. 33 Development—A Consideration When Applying Analogous Thinking ......................... 33 Pragmatism—A Consideration When Applying Analogous Thinking ........................... 38 Perspective—A Consideration When Applying Analogous Thinking ............................ 40 Ethics—A Consideration When Applying Analogous Thinking ..................................... 44 Correlation—A Consideration When Applying Analogous Thinking ............................ 45 Logic—A Consideration When Applying Analogous Thinking ..................................... 46 Chapter 2: Analogical Thinking About Smoking and Sexual Orientation, Etc. .......................... 51 Smoking As The Analogical Base ........................................................................................... 51 Biological Influence For A Smoking Orientation ............................................................ 53 Environmental Influence For A Smoking Orientation ..................................................... 54 Smoking as a Wide Base Analogy ........................................................................................... 57 Handedness as a Primary Competing Analogical Base For A Sexual Orientation? ................ 59 Smoking vs. Left Handedness as The “Better” Analogical Base for Homosexuality ..... 63 Homosexuality As Target In The Analogy .............................................................................. 70 Biological Influences -- For A Homosexual Orientation ................................................. 70 Environmental Influences – For A Homosexual Orientation .......................................... 76 The Ethnic Analogy ................................................................................................................. 84 The Zoophilia Analogy ............................................................................................................ 87 Other Exotic Analogies ............................................................................................................ 98 The Plausible Problem-Eating Analogy ................................................................................. 100 Biological Influence. ...................................................................................................... 102 Environmental Influence. ............................................................................................... 104 The Plausible Suicidality Analogy ......................................................................................... 107 Biological Influence. ...................................................................................................... 108 Environmental Influence. ............................................................................................... 109 The Plausible Heterosexual Orientation Analogy .................................................................. 110 Chapter 3: The Issue of Choice .................................................................................................. 111 A Preamble on the Question of Free Will .............................................................................. 111 Working With The Issue of Choice ....................................................................................... 122 Contextualizing Choice ........................................................................................................ 129 A Philosophical Context (Aristotelian Material, Formal, Final, and Efficient Causes) 129 A Temporal Context (LOOK, LOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKED) ...................................... 132 Choice-points ................................................................................................................. 141 Chapter 4: The Issue of Change ................................................................................................. 143 Change and Possibility ........................................................................................................... 143 Change and Tolerance ............................................................................................................ 151 Change and Morality .............................................................................................................. 157 Change, Rational Choice and the “Cold Turkey” .................................................................. 161 A Smoking Analogy Informs Psychological Orientations-- 3 Rationality, “Addiction,” and Choosing—An Economic Model ................................... 161 Rationality-Plus, “Addiction,” and Choosing—A Comprehensive Model ................... 165 Rationality, Appetite, and Choosing—An Excessive Appetite Model .......................... 170 Rationally Choosing Heterosexuality?........................................................................... 173 A Rational Conjecture—An Omni-Appetite Hypothesis .............................................. 175 Change and Betterment .......................................................................................................... 179 Change, Appetites and Bad Beliefs ....................................................................................... 182 Chapter 5: Sources of Bad Beliefs ............................................................................................. 184 The Commonplace Notions about Bad Beliefs .................................................................... 187 Broad Determinants of Bad Beliefs ..................................................................................... 189 Creedal/Cognitive-Science Thinking about Bad Beliefs ..................................................... 190 From The Cognitive Science Side ................................................................................. 190 From the Creedal Side ................................................................................................... 195 Choice and Responsibility for Beliefs ........................................................................... 200 Applications ................................................................................................................... 201 Decision Theory and Bad Beliefs ......................................................................................... 204 A Synthesis ............................................................................................................................ 207 Chapter 6: Education For Belief-Based Change ........................................................................ 210 Informational Frameworks for Educators .............................................................................. 211 Self-Regulation Frameworks for Learners ............................................................................. 214 Innovative Frameworks For Educators .................................................................................. 216 A Systems Framework ................................................................................................... 216 A Worldview Framework .............................................................................................. 223 The Student-as-Scientist Framework ............................................................................. 224 Chapter 7: Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 227 The Importance of Beliefs ..................................................................................................... 228 The Importance of Choice...................................................................................................... 229 The Importance of Education ................................................................................................. 232 The Importance of Thinking .................................................................................................. 235 The Principal Position ...........................................................................................................