Guide to Traffic Management Part 11: Parking Management Techniques Sydney 2020 Guide to Traffic Management Part 11: Parking Management Techniques Publisher Edition 3.0 prepared by: David Green and Kenneth Lewis Austroads Ltd. Level 9, 287 Elizabeth Street Edition 3.0 project manager: Richard Delplace Sydney NSW 2000 Australia Phone: +61 2 8265 3300 Abstract [email protected] The Austroads Guide to Traffic Management has 13 parts and provides a www.austroads.com.au comprehensive coverage of traffic management guidance for practitioners involved in traffic engineering, road design and road safety. About Austroads Part 11: Parking Management Techniques is concerned with the parking management process. It provides guidance for planners and engineers to Austroads is the peak organisation of Australasian ensure that parking is provided in a safe and efficient manner and with due road transport and traffic agencies. regard to considerations of access to and the impact on the wider road and Austroads’ purpose is to support our member transport system. organisations to deliver an improved Australasian Part 11 presents guidelines for determining the demand for and supply of road transport network. To succeed in this task, we parking and it provides a parking policy framework – how the demand should undertake leading-edge road and transport be addressed. The implementation of on-street and off-street parking for all research which underpins our input to policy road users including parking controls in urban centres is addressed as is development and published guidance on the parking on rural roads and at park-and-ride facilities. Electronic parking design, construction and management of the road guidance systems and signs are also described network and its associated infrastructure. Austroads provides a collective approach that delivers value for money, encourages shared Keywords knowledge and drives consistency for road users. Road design, kerbside parking, traffic models, off-street parking, on-street Austroads is governed by a Board consisting of parking, parking, parking control, parking demand, parking guidance, parking senior executive representatives from each of its policy, parking supply, parking surveys, rural parking, traffic control devices eleven member organisations: • Transport for NSW Edition 3.0 published April 2020 • Department of Transport Victoria Edition 3.0 of the Guide has been updated with a new name and introduction • Queensland Department of Transport and Main to better reflect the content. Additional changes include Section 2 being added Roads using existing content to provide definitions for parking. • Main Roads Western Australia Edition 2.0 published January 2017 • Department of Planning, Transport and Edition 1.0 published February 2008 Infrastructure South Australia • Department of State Growth Tasmania ISBN 978-1-925854-85-5 • Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics Northern Territory Austroads Project No. NTM6100 & NTM6118 Pages 193 • Transport Canberra and City Services Austroads Publication No. AGTM11-20 Directorate, Australian Capital Territory • Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications © Austroads Ltd 2020 | This work is copyright. Apart from any use as • Australian Local Government Association permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without the prior written permission of Austroads. • New Zealand Transport Agency. Acknowledgements Edition 1.0 prepared by Peter Damen and Anna Huband and project managed by John Erceg. Edition 2.0 prepared by Larry Schneider and Michael Moses and project managed by Robyn Hawkins This Guide is produced by Austroads as a general guide only. Austroads has taken care to ensure that this publication is correct at the time of publication. Austroads does not make any representations or warrant that the Guide is free from error, is current, or, where used, will ensure compliance with any legislative, regulatory or general law requirements. Austroads expressly disclaims all and any guarantees, undertakings and warranties, expressed or implied, and is not liable, including for negligence, for any loss (incidental or consequential), injury, damage or any other consequences arising directly or indirectly from the use of this Guide. Where third party information is contained in this Guide, it is included with the consent of the third party and in good faith. It does not necessarily reflect the considered views of Austroads Readers should rely on their own skill, care and judgement to apply the information contained in this Guide and seek professional advice regarding their particular issues. Guide to Traffic Management Part 11: Parking Management Techniques Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Intended Users ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 How to Use ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Out of Scope ............................................................................................................................................. 5 2. Definition of Parking .............................................................................................................................. 6 3. Principles of Parking Management....................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Changing Approach to Parking ................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Key Principles ........................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.1 Principle 1: Parking Supply and Demand ................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Principle 2: Occupancy or Utilisation .......................................................................................... 9 3.2.3 Principle 3: Duration and Turnover ............................................................................................. 9 3.2.4 Principle 4: Enforcement .......................................................................................................... 10 3.2.5 Principle 5: Partnership ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2.6 Education and Information ........................................................................................................ 10 3.3 Pay Parking ............................................................................................................................................ 11 3.3.1 General Principles .................................................................................................................... 11 3.3.2 Pay Parking Objectives ............................................................................................................ 11 3.3.3 Guidelines to Efficient Pay Parking Pricing .............................................................................. 11 3.3.4 On-street Parking Management ............................................................................................... 12 4. Demand for Parking ............................................................................................................................. 15 4.1 Parking Demand ..................................................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Factors Affecting Demand ...................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.1 Geographic Location ................................................................................................................ 15 4.2.2 Types of Land Use ................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.3 Availability and Attractiveness of Public Transport and Other Alternatives to Car Use ........... 15 4.2.4 Accessibility and Attractiveness of the Parking Facilities ......................................................... 16 4.2.5 Demographic/Socio Economic Patterns ................................................................................... 16 4.2.6 Price Structure .......................................................................................................................... 16 4.2.7 Time of the Day, Weekly and Seasonal Variations .................................................................. 16 4.3 Mixed Land Use and Shared Parking .................................................................................................... 17 4.3.1 Shared and Reciprocal Parking for Mixed-use Developments ................................................. 18 5. Supply of Parking ................................................................................................................................