Global BrazilGlobal and U.S.-Brazil Relations The Council on Foreign Relations sponsors Independent Task Forces to assess issues of cur- rent and critical importance to U.S. foreign policy and provide policymakers with concrete judgments and recommendations. Diverse in backgrounds and perspectives, Task Force members aim to reach a meaningful consensus on policy through private and nonpartisan deliberations. Once launched, Task Forces are independent of CFR and solely responsible for the content of their reports. Task Force members are asked to join a consensus signifying that they endorse “the general policy thrust and judgments reached by the group, though not necessarily every finding and recommendation.” Each Task Force member also has the option of putting forward an additional or a dissenting view. Members’ affiliations are listed for identification purposes only and do not imply institutional endorsement. Task Force ob- servers participate in discussions, but are not asked to join the consensus. Task Force Members Richard Armitage Robert L. Grenier Armitage International L.C. Kroll Associates Reza Aslan John M. Keane University of California, Riverside Keane Advisors, LLC J. Brian Atwood Michael Krepon University of Minnesota Henry L. Stimson Center David W. Barno Sloan C. Mann National Defense University Development Transformations Samuel R. Berger Daniel Markey Albright Stonebridge Group Council on Foreign Relations Karan K. Bhatia John A. Nagl Independent Task Force Report No. 66 General Electric Company Center for a New American Security Marshall M. Bouton John D. Negroponte Chicago Council on Global Affairs McLarty Associates Samuel W. Bodman and James D. Wolfensohn, Chairs Kara Bue Charles S. Robb Julia E. Sweig, Project Director Armitage International L.C. George Mason University Steve Coll Teresita C. Schaffer New America Foundation Center for Strategic & International Studies Independent Task Force Report No. 66 Report Force Task Independent Joseph J. Collins Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli National War College Carnegie Corporation of New York James F. Dobbins Ashley J. Tellis Global Brazil RAND Corporation Carnegie Endowment for International C. Christine Fair Peace Georgetown University John W. Warner John A. Gastright Hogan & Hartson, LLP and U.S.-Brazil DynCorp International Andrew Wilder Tufts University www.cfr.org Relations Global Brazil and U.S.-Brazil Relations Independent Task Force Report No. 66 Samuel W. Bodman and James D. Wolfensohn, Chairs Julia E. Sweig, Project Director Global Brazil and U.S.-Brazil Relations The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business execu- tives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. 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The Council on Foreign Relations takes no institutional positions on policy issues and has no affiliation with the U.S. government. All views expressed in its publications and on its website are the sole responsibil- ity of the author or authors. The Council on Foreign Relations sponsors Independent Task Forces to assess issues of current and critical importance to U.S. foreign policy and provide policymakers with concrete judgments and recommenda- tions. Diverse in backgrounds and perspectives, Task Force members aim to reach a meaningful consensus on policy through private and nonpartisan deliberations. Once launched, Task Forces are independent of CFR and solely responsible for the content of their reports. Task Force members are asked to join a consen- sus signifying that they endorse ‘‘the general policy thrust and judgments reached by the group, though not necessarily every finding and recommendation.’’ Each Task Force member also has the option of putting forward an additional or dissenting view. Members’ affiliations are listed for identification purposes only and do not imply institutional endorsement. Task Force observers participate in discussions, but are not asked to join the consensus. For further information about CFR or this Task Force, please write to the Council on Foreign Relations, 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, or call the Communications office at 212.434.9888. Visit CFR’s website at www.cfr.org. Copyright © 2011 by the Council on Foreign Relations®, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This report may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form beyond the reproduction permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law Act (17 U.S.C. Sections 107 and 108) and excerpts by reviewers for the public press, without express written permission from the Council on Foreign Relations. For information, write to the Publications Office, Council on Foreign Relations, 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065. This report is printed on paper certified by SmartWood to the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council, which promotes environmentally responsible, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. Task Force Members Task Force members are asked to join a consensus signifying that they endorse “the general policy thrust and judgments reached by the group, though not necessarily every finding and recommendation.” They par- ticipate in the Task Force in their individual, not institutional, capacities. Jed N. Bailey Shepard L. Forman* Energy Narrative Center on International Cooperation Samuel W. Bodman José A. Fourquet* R. Nicholas Burns DBS Financial Group Harvard Kennedy School of Government Maria C. Freire Albert and Mary Lasker Louis E. Caldera* Foundation Center for American Progress Stanley A. Gacek† Eileen B. Claussen U.S. Department of Labor Pew Center on Global Climate Change Sergio J. Galvis* Sullivan & Cromwell LLP Nelson W. Cunningham* McLarty Associates Kevin P. Green* IBM Corporation Eli Whitney Debevoise II* Arnold & Porter LLP Donna J. Hrinak* PepsiCo, Inc. Paula J. Dobriansky* Thomson Reuters *The individual has endorsed the report and signed onto an additional view. †Gacek participated in the Task Force under his previous affiliation with the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. As a current administration official, he has not been asked to join the Task Force consensus. v vi Task Force Members Robert L. Hutchings Michelle Billig Patron Lyndon B. Johnson School PIRA Energy Group of Public Affairs David Perez G. John Ikenberry Palladium Equity Partners Woodrow Wilson School Riordan Roett* of Public and International Affairs The Johns Hopkins University Timothy M. Kingston David J. Rothkopf* The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. Garten Rothkopf Thomas E. Lovejoy Andrew Small The H. John Heinz Center Pontifical Mission Societies for Science, Economics, in the United States and the Environment Julia E. Sweig* Jennifer L. McCoy Council on Foreign Relations Georgia State University Tanisha N. Tingle-Smith* Joy Olson* Verdade Consulting Washington Office on Latin America James D. Wolfensohn Wolfensohn & Company, LLC Brian D. O’Neill* Lazard Ltd. Contents Forewordx i Acknowledgments xi Map xiii Task Force Report 1 Overview 3 Introduction 7 Brazil’s Economy: Engines and Obstacles 13 Brazil’s Energy and Climate Change Agenda 30 Brazil as a Regional and Global Diplomat 45 Brazil and the United States 64 Conclusion 75 Additional Views 79 Endnotes 82 Task Force Members 86 Foreword Brazil has emerged as both a driver of growth in South America and an active force in world politics in the decade since the Council on For- eign Relations (CFR) convened its first Independent Task Force on the country. During this period, Brazil has lifted nearly thirty million of its citizens out of poverty, significantly expanded its middle class, become increasingly active within multilateral institutions and international forums, and weathered the recent worldwide recession—all in a peace- ful, market-oriented, and democratic context. To be sure, Brazil is still contending with important internal con- cerns—its remaining poor, the growing challenges of climate change, and its ongoing transformation from a commodity-based to an indus- trial economy, to name just a few. Nevertheless, the message of this report could hardly be clearer: Brazil matters not just regionally but globally. Its decisions and actions will affect