SERDP and ESTCP Workshop on State of the Science and Research and Development Needs for Assessing the Environmental Risk of Conventional Underwater Military Munitions SERDP Project ER-2341 March 2021 September 2017 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202- 4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 03-08-2021 Final Report May 2018 – March 2021 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER NA SERDP and ESTCP Workshop on State of the Science and 5b. GRANT NUMBER Research and Development Needs for Assessing the ER-2341 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER Environmental Risk of Conventional Underwater Military N/A Munitions 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Guilherme R. Lotufo, Gunther Rosen, Geoffrey Carton ER-2341 5e. TASK NUMBER N/A 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER N/A 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT AND ADDRESS(ES) NUMBER U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, ER-2341 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program SERDP 4800 Mark Center Drive, Suite 16F16, Alexandria, VA 22350 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) ER -2341 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES N/A 14. ABSTRACT A technical workshop bringing together a total of over 50 DoD site managers, scientists, regulators, and stakeholders was conducted in May 2018 at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, DC. The goal of the workshop was to assess progress, questions, and continuing challenges related to understanding and managing environmental risk associated with underwater military munitions (UWMM). The workshop, as well as this report, focused on conventional munitions containing explosives. The workshop report contains 1) an overview of existing scientific evidence regarding environmental risks posed by UWMM; 2) discussion of relevant uncertainties associated with these risks, and 3) evaluation of known and foreseen challenges associated with obtaining site-specific MC concentrations in water column, sediment, and biota to validate risk conclusions at UWMM sites. The workshop provided a venue for open exchange of ideas among participants with varying backgrounds and views and used this exchange to identify data gaps and research priorities. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Underwater military munitions – Environmental aspects 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Guilherme Lotufo a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area UNCLASS code) UNCLASS UNCLASS UNCLASS 132 601-601-4103 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 SERDP WORKSHOP REPORT STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS FOR ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK OF CONVENTIONAL UNDERWATER MILITARY MUNITIONS (UWMM) SERDP Project ER-2341 MAY 23 – 24, 2018, WASHINGTON NAVY YARD, WASHINGTON, DC AUTHORS Guilherme R. Lotufo U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Gunther Rosen Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific Geoffrey Carton CALIBRE SYSTEMS, INC. CONTRIBUTORS Jason Belden Oklahoma State University Todd Bridges U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Lisamarie Carrubba NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources Harry Craig USEPA Region 10 Margo Edwards University of Hawaii Diane Evers NOAA Office of Response & Restoration Robert George Molly Colvin Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific Bryan Harre Steve Hurff Stacin Martin Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command Mark Johnson U.S. Army Public Health Center Tim Thompson Science and Engineering for the Environment, LLC Craig Tobias University of Connecticut Deborah Walker USACE Support Center, EM CX Cheryl Woodley NOAA National Ocean Services TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. iv Acronym List ................................................................................................................................... vi 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Underwater Munitions Overview and Historic and Geographical Perspective ................... 4 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 4 Global Historic and Geographic Perspective .................................................................... 6 U.S. UWMM Sites ............................................................................................................. 7 3.0 State of the Science ............................................................................................................. 9 Overview of Release and Corrosion ................................................................................. 9 3.1.1 Release into Surrounding Environment .................................................................... 9 3.1.2 Corrosion ................................................................................................................. 13 Tracing the Fate of the Energetics Released in Temperate Marine Ecosystems ........... 15 Sampling Water, Sediment and Biota ............................................................................ 22 3.3.1 Water Column Direct Sampling .............................................................................. 23 3.3.2 Water Column Passive Sampling ............................................................................ 24 3.3.3 Sediment Sampling ................................................................................................. 25 3.3.4 Sediment (Porewater) Passive Sampling ................................................................ 26 3.3.5 Biota Sampling ........................................................................................................ 27 Chemical Analysis of Water, Sediment and Biota Samples ........................................... 28 3.4.1 Water ...................................................................................................................... 28 3.4.2 Sediment ................................................................................................................. 29 3.4.3 Biota ........................................................................................................................ 30 Toxicity of MC to Aquatic Biota ...................................................................................... 31 3.5.1 Toxicity to Aquatic Autotrophs ............................................................................... 31 3.5.2 Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates ............................................................................ 32 3.5.3 Toxicity to Tadpoles and Fish .................................................................................. 33 3.5.4 Toxicity of Spiked Sediment to Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish ............................. 34 3.5.5 Summary of Recent Studies .................................................................................... 35 Toxicity of MC to Corals ................................................................................................. 35 3.6.1 Methods .................................................................................................................. 36 3.6.2 Toxicity of Munitions Compounds to Coral Fragments and Coral Cells ................. 39 3.6.3 Photo-enhanced Toxicity of TNT ............................................................................. 40 3.6.4 Species Sensitivities to 2,6-DNT .............................................................................. 40 i 3.6.5 Effect of MC on the Coral Endosymbiotic Dinoflagellate, Symbiodinium .............. 41 3.6.6 Correlation of Cell-based Assays with Responses of Intact Coral Fragments. ....... 41 3.6.7 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 41 Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Energetic Compounds in Terrestrial Biota and Relevance