POLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Industrial and Information Engineering Master of Science in Management Engineering ANALYSIS OF SHARING MOBILITY NETWORKS: A STUDY OF MILAN SUPERVISORS: Prof. MICHELA ARNABOLDI Prof. SIMONE VANTINI Authors: MELISA LUCIA DIAZ LEMA 832039 ANDREA ROBBIANI 835576 Academic year 2015-2016 Content Abstract (Italian) ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Executive summary ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Problem definition and objectives ..................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Main results ................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Structure of the work ............................................................................................................................... 9 2. Contextual Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Mobility’s stakeholders ............................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Sharing Economy: types, trends and impacts .................................................................................... 13 2.3 Sharing Mobility ............................................................................................................................................. 16 3. State of Art .......................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Sharing Mobility Modes .............................................................................................................................. 19 3.1.1 Bike Sharing ............................................................................................................................................ 19 3.1.2 Car Sharing ............................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Mobility and Big Data ................................................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Mobility KPIs ................................................................................................................................................... 31 4. Research Justification ..................................................................................................................................... 36 5. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................................. 38 5.1 Networks ........................................................................................................................................................... 38 5.1.1 Properties and measures ................................................................................................................... 40 5.1.2 Clustering of a network ...................................................................................................................... 45 5.2 Key performance indicators (KPIs) ................................................................................................ 50 6. Methodology....................................................................................................................................................... 54 6.1 Data ..................................................................................................................................................................... 55 6.2 Networks Construction and Analysis .................................................................................................... 62 6.3 KPIs design ....................................................................................................................................................... 66 1 6.3.1 Detailed Indicators ............................................................................................................................... 69 7. Results .................................................................................................................................................................. 80 7.1 Static Analysis ................................................................................................................................................. 80 7.2 Dynamic Analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 88 7.3 Result of KPIs .................................................................................................................................................. 90 7.3.1 Sharing Mode Convenience ............................................................................................................... 90 7.3.2 Congestion Factor ................................................................................................................................. 95 7.3.3 NIL Relative Strength (NRS) .......................................................................................................... 102 7.3.4 Sustainability ....................................................................................................................................... 104 7.3.5 Health ...................................................................................................................................................... 107 8. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................... 108 8.1 Limitations and future researches ...................................................................................................... 110 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ 111 References ................................................................................................................................................................. 112 2 Figure Index Figure 1. Global growth in bike share programs. ......................................................................................... 19 Figure 2. What motivated you to become a CityCycle/Melbourne Bike Share member? ............ 20 Figure 3. Mode substitution................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 4. Bike sharing impacts ............................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 5. Milan’s important area in terms of BikeMi’s bikes check-ins (Saibene & Manzi, 2015) ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 6. Car sharing impacts .............................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 7. Performance Reporting Hierarchy. Source: FHWA, 2005 ...................................................... 33 Figure 8. Representation (graph) of a directed network with 6 vertices. .......................................... 39 Figure 9. Simple and non-simple graphs......................................................................................................... 42 Figure 10. In-, Out-degree and betweenness in a Network ..................................................................... 44 Figure 11. Result of a clustering algorithm compared to the actual communities of the network, given by the colours of the nodes .................................................................................................... 46 Figure 12. Dendogram with a cut ........................................................................................................................ 48 Figure 13. Cluster of a network (left) and its dendogram representation (right) .......................... 49 Figure 14. Classification of performance Indicators ................................................................................... 51 Figure 15 Development of performance measures ..................................................................................... 52 Figure 16. Data Sources ........................................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 17. Left: Milano NILs and BikeMi Stations (blue dots) available on the website of Comune di Milano (last updated 2014). Right: NILs where BikeMi service is active have been coloured according to the information available on BikeMi.it (updated). ......................................... 60 Figure 18. Data subsets ..........................................................................................................................................