UUUUUUKKKKKK AAAAAARRRRRRMMMMMMYYYYYY IIIIIINNNNNN IIIIIIRRRRRRAAAAAAQQQQQQ:::::: TTTTIIIIMMMMEEEE TTTTOOOO CCCCOOOOMMMMEEEE CCCCLLLLEEEEAAAANNNN OOOONNNN CCCCIIIIVVVVIIIILLLLIIIIAAAANNNN TTTTOOOORRRRTTTTUUUURRRREEEE Published by the Redress Trust October 2007 87 Vauxhall Walk London, SE11 5HJ United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 7793 1777 Fax: +44 (0)20 7793 1719 WEB: www.redress.org T H E R E D R E S S T R U S T ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Report was written by Kevin Laue and Adam Lang of REDRESS and edited by Carla Ferstman, REDRESS Executive Director. The cover photo is attributed to the Birmingham based law firm Public Interest Lawyers and shows the late Baha Mousa’s father in front of the High Court in London holding pictures of Baha Mousa’s children. ii U K A R M Y I N I R A Q : T I M E T O C O M E C L E A N O N C I V I L I A N T O R T U R E III ... III NNN TTT RRR OOO DDD UUU CCC TTT III OOO NNN ........................................................................................1 III III ... AAA BBB UUU SSS EEE OOO FFF CCC III VVV III LLL III AAA NNN SSS ..........................................................................3 A.A. The case of Baha Mousa & others ...........................................3 B.B. OtherOther cases ............................................................................................8 a)a) CampCamp Breadbasket ...................................................................................9 b)b) HassanHassan Abbad Said ................................................................................11 c)c) NadhemNadhem Abdullah....................................................................................12 d)d) Ahmad Jabar Karheem..........................................................................12 e)e) AlAl-Al---AmarahAmarahAmarah incident April 2004: the video exposé .......................14 C.C. General ...................................................................................................16 III III III ... BBB AAA CCC KKK GGG RRR OOO UUU NNN DDD OOO FFF CCC OOO NNN DDD III TTT III OOO NNN III NNN GGG TTT EEE CCC HHH NNN III QQQ UUU EEE SSS ........18 A.A. Banning of the five techniques................................................18 B.B. The use of the ‘5 techniques’ in Iraq ...................................21 III VVV ... III NNN TTT EEE RRR NNN AAA TTT III OOO NNN AAA LLL LLL AAA WWW AAA NNN DDD UUU KKK PPP OOO LLL III CCC YYY AAA NNN DDD DDD OOO CCC TTT RRR III NNN EEE OOO NNN SSS TTT AAA TTT UUU SSS AAA NNN DDD TTT RRR EEE AAA TTT MMM EEE NNN TTT OOO FFF PPP EEE RRR SSS OOO NNN SSS DDD EEE PPP RRR III VVV EEE DDD OOO FFF TTT HHH EEE III RRR LLL III BBB EEE RRR TTT YYY ..........................23 A.A. Overview of humanitarian law and the status of peoplepeople deprived of their liberty.....................................................23 B.B. Status review......................................................................................25 C.C. Decentralised detention policy after 3 (UK) MechanisedMechanised Division took over ......................................................26 D.D. The current review system.........................................................27 E.E. Conditioning techniques and questioning in Iraq .........28 F.F. UK doctrine and training..............................................................29 a) JDP 1-10 “Prisoners of War, Internees and Detainees” 2006 .................30 b) JDP 10-1.1 “Prisoners of War”...................................................................31 c) JDP 10-1.2 “Internees”................................................................................31 d) JDP 10-1.3 “Detainees”...............................................................................32 VVV ... PPP RRR EEE --- DDD EEE PPP LLL OOO YYY MMM EEE NNN TTT PPP LLL AAA NNN NNN III NNN GGG AAA NNN DDD TTT HHH EEE OOO RRR III GGG III NNN AAA LLL SSS YYY SSS TTT EEE MMM FFF OOO RRR DDD EEE TTT AAA III NNN EEE EEE SSS ...............................................................33 i T H E R E D R E S S T R U S T A.A. Introduction.........................................................................................33 B.B. PrePre----deploymentdeploymentdeployment resource planning ........................................34 C.C. PrePre----deploymentdeploymentdeployment at 1sts t Queens Lancashire Regiment..36 D.D. Original system for detainees ..................................................37 VVV III ... DDD EEE CCC EEE NNN TTT RRR AAA LLL III SSS EEE DDD SSS YYY SSS TTT EEE MMM FFF OOO RRR III NNN TTT EEE RRR NNN EEE EEE SSS ////DDD EEE TTT AAA III NNN EEE EEE SSS DDD UUU RRR III NNN GGG OOO CCC CCC UUU PPP AAA TTT III OOO NNN ..........37 A.A. Problems with the decentralised policy instigated underunder FRAGO 29 ......................................................................................37 B.B. Why questioning of detainees was decentralised ........38 a) Opening hours of the Theatre Internment Facility...................................38 b) Unexpected numbers of detainees at the Joint Forward Intelligence Team ..................................................................................................................38 c) Shortage of tactical questioners................................................................39 d) Communications problems at the JFIT and TIF .......................................39 C.C. Tactical Questioning and Detention at the Battle GroupsGroups 40 a) Tactical questioning....................................................................................40 b) Detention ......................................................................................................40 D.D. Conclusion............................................................................................42 VVV III III ... MMM EEE DDD III CCC AAA LLL TTT RRR EEE AAA TTT MMM EEE NNN TTT AAA NNN DDD TTT HHH EEE RRR OOO LLL EEE OOO FFF MMM EEE DDD III CCC AAA LLL PPP EEE RRR SSS OOO NNN NNN EEE LLL ...............................................................................................43 A.A. The general procedure for examining detainees ..........43 B.B. Procedure used by 1 Queen’s Lancashire Regiment ...44 C.C. International standards and current UK doctrine and policypolicy 46 D.D. US approach ........................................................................................47 V I I I . III SSS SSS UUU EEE SSS RRR EEE GGG AAA RRR DDD III NNN GGG LLL EEE GGG AAA LLL AAA DDD VVV III CCC EEE AAA NNN DDD PPP OOO LLL III CCC YYY ..49 A.A. Introduction.........................................................................................49 B.B. Deciding and legally vetting policy on the conditioningconditioning process............................................................................50 ii U K A R M Y I N I R A Q : T I M E T O C O M E C L E A N O N C I V I L I A N T O R T U R E C.C. Confusion of policy on conditioning at PJHQ..................50 D.D. FRAGO 152 and the ban on hooding during Telic 1 .....52 E.E. Wider issue of Government legal advice............................54 III XXX ... CCC OOO NNN CCC LLL UUU SSS III OOO NNN SSS ...........................................................................................56 XXX ... RRR EEE CCC OOO MMM MMM EEE NNN DDD AAA TTT III OOO NNN SSS ..............................................................................57 A.A. ToTo the Joint Committee on Human Rights and to thethe Defence Committee ......................................................................57 B.B. To the Joint Committee on Human Rights ............57 C.C. To the Defence Committee .......................................................57 D.D. To the UK Government..................................................................58 AAA PPP PPP EEE NNN DDD III XXX AAA ::: AAA NNN SSS WWW EEE RRR SSS TTT OOO TTT HHH EEE SSS PPP EEE CCC III FFF III CCC QQQ UUU EEE SSS TTT III OOO NNN SSS OOO FFF TTT HHH EEE JJJ OOO III NNN TTT SSS EEE LLL EEE CCC TTT CCC OOO MMM MMM III TTT TTT EEE EEE OOO NNN HHH UUU MMM AAA NNN RRR III GGG HHH TTT SSS ..........................................................................................................62 AAA PPP PPP EEE NNN DDD III XXX BBB ::: CCC OOO UUU RRR TTT MMM AAA RRR TTT III AAA LLL CCC HHH AAA RRR GGG EEE SSS AAA RRR III SSS III NNN GGG FFF RRR OOO MMM OOO PPP EEE RRR AAA TTT III OOO NNN SSS AAA LLL EEE RRR NNN OOO ((( RRR VVV ... PPP AAA YYY NNN EEE AAA NNN DDD OOO TTT HHH EEE RRR SSS ))) ..68 AAA PPP PPP EEE NNN DDD III XXX CCC ::: SSS UUU MMM MMM AAA RRR YYY OOO FFF EEE VVV III DDD EEE NNN CCC EEE OOO NNN BBB AAA NNN NNN EEE DDD CCC OOO NNN DDD III TTT III OOO NNN III NNN GGG TTT EEE CCC HHH NNN III QQQ UUU EEE SSS AAA SSS III NNN TTT EEE LLL LLL III GGG EEE NNN CCC EEE CCC OOO RRR PPP SSS DDD OOO CCC TTT RRR III NNN EEE EEE MMM EEE RRR GGG III NNN GGG FFF RRR OOO MMM RRR vvv PPP AAA YYY NNN EEE AAA NNN DDD OOO TTT HHH EEE RRR SSS ............................................................................................70 iii U K A R M Y I N I R A Q : T I M E T O C O M E C L E A N O N C I V I L I A N T O R T U R E III... IIINNNTTTRRROOODDDUUUCCCTTTIIIOOONNN The Redress Trust (REDRESS) is an international NGO which exists to assist individuals and communities who have suffered torture. In this context, and as part of its UK programme, we have been concerned by reported incidences of ill-treatment and torture committed by UK forces against Iraqi citizens. One of the most appalling incidents