JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, VIETNAM THE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN VIETNAM (VITRANSS 2) Subsector Report No.07 ENVIRONMENT May 2010 ALMEC CORPORATION ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO. LTD. NIPPON KOEI CO. LTD. JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, VIETNAM THE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN VIETNAM (VITRANSS 2) Subsector Report No.07 ENVIRONMENT May 2010 ALMEC CORPORATION ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO. LTD. NIPPON KOEI CO. LTD. Exchange Rate Used in the Report USD 1 = JPY 110 = VND 17,000 (Average Rate in 2008) PREFACE In response to the request from the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the Government of Japan decided to conduct the Comprehensive Study on the Sustainable Development of Transport System in Vietnam (VITRANSS2) and entrusted the program to the Japan International cooperation Agency (JICA) JICA dispatched a team to Vietnam between November 2007 and May 2010, which was headed by Mr. IWATA Shizuo of ALMEC Corporation and consisted of ALMEC Corporation, Oriental Consultants Co., Ltd., and Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. In the cooperation with the Vietnamese Counterpart Team, the JICA Study Team conducted the study. It also held a series of discussions with the relevant officials of the Government of Vietnam. Upon returning to Japan, the Team duly finalized the study and delivered this report. I hope that this report will contribute to the sustainable development of transport system and Vietnam and to the enhancement of friendly relations between the two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials of the Government of Vietnam for their close cooperation. May 2010 HIROYO SASAKI, Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency May 2010 HIROYO SASAKI Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency Tokyo Subject: Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir, We are pleased to formally submit herewith the final report of the Comprehensive Study on the Sustainable Development of Transport System in Vietnam (VITRANSS2). This report compiles the results of the study which was undertaken both in Vietnam and Japan from November 2007 to May 2010 by the Team comprising ALMEC Corporation, Oriental Consultants Co., Ltd., and Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. We owe a lot to many people for the accomplishment of this report. First, we would like to express our sincere appreciation and deep gratitude to all those who extended their extensive assistance and cooperation to the Team, in particular the Ministry of Transport of Vietnam. We also acknowledge the officials of your agency, the JICA Advisory Committee, and the Embassy of Japan in Vietnam for their support and valuable advice in the course of the Study. We hope the report would contribute to the sustainable development of transport system and Vietnam. Very truly yours, IWATA Shizuo Team Leader The Comprehensive Study on the Sustainable Development of Transport System in Vietnam (VITRANSS2) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Project ................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Objective of the Report ................................................................................................. 1-4 1.4 The Social Environment Areas of Concern ................................................................... 1-6 1.5 Natural Environment Areas of Concern ........................................................................ 1-9 1.6 The Pollution Areas of Concern .................................................................................. 1-11 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION IN VIETNAM 2.1 Social Environment ...................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Natural Environment ..................................................................................................... 2-8 2.3 Pollution...................................................................................................................... 2-42 3 FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 3.1 Environmental Law and Institution ................................................................................ 3-1 3.2 Environmental Assessment Framework ....................................................................... 3-2 3.3 Relevant Environmental Standards .............................................................................. 3-3 3.4 Administration of Project Implementation ..................................................................... 3-4 4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) ................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Environmental Consideration for Master Plan of VITRANSS 2 .................................. 4-34 4.3 Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................................ 4-78 APPENDICES Appendix 3A Appendix 4A Appendix 4B Appendix 4C i LIST OF TABLES Table 1.2.1 Ecological Areas and Environmental Zones ................................................................. 1-3 Table 2.1.1 Population by Region, 2007.......................................................................................... 2-1 Table 2.1.2 Hazard Areas along Existing Rail Line ......................................................................... 2-7 Table 2.2.1 Monthly Rainfall in Vietnam, 2007 ................................................................................ 2-9 Table 2.2.2 Monthly Average Temperature in Vietnam, 2007 ........................................................ 2-10 Table 2.2.3 Monthly Average Humidity in Vietnam, 2007 .............................................................. 2-10 Table 2.2.5 Losses and Volume of Landslides in National Roads, 2005 ...................................... 2-13 Table 2.2.6 Losses and Volume of Landslides in Local Roads, 2005 ........................................... 2-13 Table 2.2.7 Location of Earthquake Epicentres and their Seismic Grade ..................................... 2-15 Table 2.2.8 Forest Area of Vietnam (Thousand ha) ...................................................................... 2-23 Table 2.2.9 Existing Condition and Structure of Land in Vietnam in 2006 (103 ha) ...................... 2-25 Table 2.2.10 Water Resource of Main Rivers in Vietnam (109 m3) ................................................. 2-25 Table 2.2.11 Monthly Water Discharge in Main Rivers .................................................................... 2-26 Table 2.2.12 Major Reservoirs in Vietnam ....................................................................................... 2-27 Table 2.2.13 List of Mineral and Thermal Water Sources ............................................................... 2-28 Table 2.2.14 National Distribution of Tidal Marsh and Mangrove .................................................... 2-30 Table 2.2.15 Biodiversity Comparisons of Six Important Tidal Marshes ......................................... 2-30 Table 2.2.16 Major Ecosystem in Vietnam ...................................................................................... 2-30 Table 2.2.17 Diversity of Species Composition in Vietnam ............................................................. 2-31 Table 2.2.18 Total Marine Species known in Vietnam ..................................................................... 2-33 Table 2.2.19 Number of Endangered Species in Global and National Red Lists in Vietnam .......... 2-33 Table 2.2.20 List of National Parks in Vietnam ................................................................................ 2-34 Table 2.2.21 List of Nature Conservation Areas in Vietnam ............................................................ 2-35 Table 2.2.22 World Heritage Sites in Vietnam ................................................................................. 2-37 Table 2.2.23 Relative Disaster Frequency in Vietnam (High Medium and Low) ............................. 2-39 Table 2.2.24 Total Damage and Loss caused by Storm and Tropical Low Pressures in 2004 and 7 Early Months in 2005 ........................................................................... 2-39 Table 2.2.25 Damages Caused by Storm No.6 ............................................................................... 2-39 Table 2.2.26 International Conventions and Agreements Ratified by Vietnam ............................... 2-41 Table 2.3.1 Amount of Waste Generated from Maritime Transportation ....................................... 2-44 Table 2.3.2 Solid Waste from Industrial Zone at Key Economic Regions ..................................... 2-44 Table 2.3.3 Generation of Solid Waste .......................................................................................... 2-44 Table 4.1.1 Potentially Affected Nature Reserves, National Parks and Cultural-Historical-Environmental Reservation Areas ........................................... 4-3 Table 4.1.2 Estimate Total Air Pollutant Emission of Road Transport Sector (ton/year) 2030 for Scenarios ....................................................................................... 4-5 Table 4.1.3 Nature Reserves, National Parks and Cultural-Historical-Environmental Reservation Areas Located along Expressway Routes ...............................................