Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/21/08 5:07 PM Page i A Laboratory of Transnational History Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/21/08 5:07 PM Page ii Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/21/08 5:07 PM Page iii A Laboratory of Transnational History Ukraine and Recent Ukrainian Historiography Edited by Georgiy Kasianov and Philipp Ther Central European University Press Budapest New York Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/27/08 11:42 AM Page iv © 2009 Georgiy Kasianov and Philipp Ther The article by Roman Szporluk is reprinted with permission. © 2004 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Published in 2009 by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Share Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000, Fax: +36-1-327-3183 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.ceupress.com 400 West 59th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-646-557-2416 E-mail: [email protected] Texts translated and edited by Myroslav Yurkevich On the cover: Johann Baptist Homann, Vkrania // quae et // Terra Cosaccorum // cum vicinis // Walachiae, Moldaviae, Minorisq. Tartariae Provinciis // exhibita // à Joh. Bap- tista Homanno // Norimbergae. Nürnberg, 1730. Source: No. 248, The Bohdan and Neonila Krawciw Ucrainica Map Collection, Pusey Library, Harvard University All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher. ISBN 978-963-9776-26-5 cloth Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A laboratory of transnational history : Ukraine and recent Ukrainian historiography / edited by Georgiy Kasianov and Philipp Ther. p. cm. ISBN 978-9639776265 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Ukraine—Historiography. 2. Ukraine—History—Errors, inventions, etc. I. Kasianov, H. V. (Heorhii Volodymyrovych), 1961- II. Ther, Philipp. III. Title: Ukraine and recent Ukrainian historiography. DK508.46.L33 2008 947.60072—dc22 2008030063 Printed in Hungary by Akaprint Nyomda Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/21/08 5:07 PM Page v Contents Introduction: Georgiy Kasianov and Philipp Ther . 1 I. National versus Transnational History Georgiy Kasianov “Nationalized” History: Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Future…. 7 Mark von Hagen Revisiting the Histories of Ukraine. 25 Andreas Kappeler From an Ethnonational to a Multiethnic to a Transnational Ukrainian History . 51 Philipp Ther The Transnational Paradigm of Historiography and its Potential for Ukrainian History . 81 II. Ukrainian History Rewritten Natalia Yakovenko Choice of Name versus Choice of Path: The Names of Ukrainian Territories from the Late Sixteenth to the Late Seventeenth Century . 117 Oleksiy Tolochko Fellows and Travelers: Thinking about Ukrainian History in the Early Nineteenth Century . 149 Alexei Miller and Oksana Ostapchuk The Latin and Cyrillic Alphabets in Ukrainian National Discourse and in the Language Policy of Empires. 167 John-Paul Himka Victim Cinema. Between Hitler and Stalin: Ukraine in World War II—The Untold Story. 211 Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/21/08 5:07 PM Page vi vi Contents Yaroslav Hrytsak On the Relevance and Irrelevance of Nationalism in Contemporary Ukraine . 225 Roman Szporluk The Making of Modern Ukraine: The Western Dimension. 249 About the Contributors . 287 Index of Names. 291 Index of Places . 303 Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/28/08 10:14 AM Page vii Note on Transliteration In the text of this book, the modified Library of Congress system is used to transliterate Ukrainian and Russian personal names and place-names. This system seeks to ease reading by avoiding non-English vowel com- binations, diacritics and word endings. Consequently, initial iotated vowels are rendered with a “y” (e.g., Yaroslav, Yurii, not Iaroslav, Iurii); the soft sign (m) is omitted; and, in masculine personal names, the final ‘bˇ’ is not transliterated (thus, for example, Khmelnytsky, not Khmel´nyts´kyi). Bibliographic references, however, are rendered in the full Library of Congress system (ligatures omitted) in order to make possible the accu- rate reconstruction of the Cyrillic original. The ALA-LC Romanization Tables detailing the Library of Congress transliteration of Ukrainian and Russian are available online at www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html. Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/21/08 5:07 PM Page viii © 2009, Georgiy Kasianov and Philipp Ther The article by Roman Szporluk is reprinted with permission. © 2004 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Published in 2009 by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Share Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000, Fax: +36-1-327-3183 E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.ceupress.com 400 West 59th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-646-557-2416 E-mail: [email protected] Texts translated and edited by Myroslav Yurkevich On the cover: Johann Baptist Homann, Vkrania // quae et // Terra Cosaccorum // cum vicinis // Walachiae, Moldaviae, Minorisq. Tartariae Provinciis // exhibita // à Joh. Bap- tista Homanno // Norimbergae. Nürnberg, 1730. Source: No. 248, The Bohdan and Neonila Krawciw Ucrainica Map Collection, Pusey Library, Harvard University All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher. ISBN 978-963-9776-43-2 paperback The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows: A laboratory of transnational history : Ukraine and recent Ukrainian historiography / edited by Georgiy Kasianov and Philipp Ther. p. cm. ISBN 978-9639776265 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Ukraine—Historiography. 2. Ukraine—History—Errors, inventions, etc. I. Kasianov, H. V. (Heorhii Volodymyrovych), 1961- II. Ther, Philipp. III. Title: Ukraine and recent Ukrainian historiography. DK508.46.L33 2008 947.60072—dc22 2008030063 Printed in Hungary by Akaprint Nyomda Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/21/08 5:07 PM Page 1 Introduction For almost half a century, Ukrainian history did not exist in Ukraine as an independent field of scholarly research or as a subject of instruction. After the Second World War, the “history of the Ukrainian SSR” was established as a regional subunit of the “History of the USSR.” Outside Ukraine, its history was a subject of scholarly research and ideological interpretation in diaspora historiography and in a few small university- level institutions that generally found themselves on the margins of the academic world. After 1991, public demand for accounts of Ukrainian history arose in Ukraine and abroad: in both cases, the motives were purely pragmatic and instrumental. In Ukraine, the overriding concern was to legitimize the state in ideological and “scholarly” terms and pro- vide for the civic education of the nation, which took the form of “creat- ing Ukrainians.” Beyond the borders of the new state, interest in its his- tory was inspired by efforts to understand and explain the current situa- tion: thus, most Western research on Ukraine concentrates on studies in politics, international affairs, economics, and sociology, while historical works are generally either popular outlines or highly specialized investi- gations. The institutional and intellectual framework established for the study of Ukrainian history in independent Ukraine largely reflected the practi- cal requirements of state- and nation-building. What happened, in effect, was a revival and state-sponsored diffusion on a mass scale of the stan- dard “patriotic” historical scheme of a “nation reborn,” based on the methodological canons and cognitive models of the nineteenth centu- ry—the period in which that task was first undertaken by the Ukrainian national movement. If Soviet historiography had been oriented toward the goal of communism, the new telos was that of the nation. This way of writing history, continuously supported and directed by the various governments of Ukraine during the 1990s, came into con- flict with prevailing cultural and political realities in Ukraine itself—its diversity of cultures, religious denominations, languages, ethical norms, and historical experience and memory. Attempts to nationalize history created serious problems for the project of establishing a “civic nation.” They also drew protests from some Ukrainian intellectuals and their for- eign colleagues, who were dissatisfied with this ethnicizing interpreta- tion of Ukrainian history. Even on the political level, it may be doubted Ukrajna I:Ideologies minta 10/21/08 5:07 PM Page 2 2 Georgiy Kasianov and Philipp Ther whether national historiography will fulfill its avowed purpose. Georgiy Kasianov, who discusses the reappearance of this historiography in his introductory article, is skeptical on that score. As is apparent from other instances in modern Central and Eastern Europe, notably those of impe- rial Germany and interwar Poland, nationalizing and de facto ethnicizing historiographies can arouse and deepen internal and external conflicts. Compared to other European countries of similar size and population, Ukraine exhibits a high degree of cultural, social, and political diversity. Its history has been marked by a multitude and mixture of languages, religions, and cultures. The empires that ruled Ukraine have also made a lasting impression. In traditional national historiography, diversity has been regarded as a problem rather than an asset. Whatever one’s