1 Being Unsituated: Christina Rossetti’s Prepositions Mina Gorji is a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of English, University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Pembroke College. She is co-director of the Centre for John Clare Studies. Her books include John Clare and the Place of Poetry (2008), Rude Britannia (ed., 2007) and Class and the Canon (ed. With Kirstie Blair, 2013). She has written essays and articles on 18th and 19th century poetry: the poetics of mess, awkwardness, weeds, and allusion. She is also a practicing poet. ABSTRACT: This essay will attend to Rossetti’s poetics of place and focus on poems from different periods in her writing life, including “Italia, Io Ti Saluto!” (1865), “By the Sea”, “At Home”, “After Death”, “Dream-Land” (1849), and “Somewhere or Other” (1866). Drawing on the insights of spatial criticism, I will consider not only the figuration of place but also the experience of place and the unplaceable that they present. Following on from Heather Dubrow’s work on deictics in her study of Renaissance Lyric, I propose that attention to Rossetti’s language of location, and especially to her prepositions, can help to explain the haunting sense of place expressed in her poems. I argue that a sense of dislocation was, for Rossetti, not only a psycho-spiritual condition, but also an imaginative and poetic resource. Christina Rossetti spent most of her life in London, but there’s little trace of it in her poems. A contemporary critic, Arthur Christopher Benson, thought this strange enough to remark, “it is certainly singular that one who lived out almost the whole of her life in a city so majestic, sober and inspiriting as London should never bring the consciousness of streets and thoroughfares and populous murmurs into her writings.” Instead, he notes, her poems have a “haunting sense of locality.” i Virginia Woolf sensed this when she pointed out that although Rossetti seemed “outwardly” to have spent her “sixty-four years …in Hallam Street and Endsleigh Gardens and Torrington Square … in reality she dwelt in some curious region where the spirit strives towards an unseen God.” ii Even in this “curious region,” she was striving to be somewhere else: that preposition “towards” registers something fundamental about Rossetti’s sense of place. Her poems offer spaces for devotion, meditation or lament, they map out psychic territories, geographies of isolation, of longing, of suffering, but distinct geographical locations are rarely mentioned. “Birchington Churchyard” (discussed in this volume by John Regan), “The Lambs at Grasmere” and “In the Round Tower at Jhansi” are unusual in their geographical specificity.iii She preferred un-places, mis-places or non-spaces, sometimes haunted as well as haunting: “The Convent threshold”, a “Sea-side Grave”, “By the water”, “By the Sea”, “The coast: a nightmare”, “One foot in sea, and one on shore”, “Dream- Land”, “The Bourne”, “In Ghostland”. When she does emphatically locate her writing, it tends to be in time rather than space: spring, the bleak mid-winter, Whitsun Eve, Advent Sunday, “When I was dead.”iv Because she rarely anchors her poems in real places, they resist the kinds of cartographic analysis we find in John Barrell’s study of Clare’s poetic sense of place or in Julia Carson’s examination of Wordsworth’s poetry.v And yet while Rossetti’s poems resist mapping, they invite other kinds of spatial imagining. 2 In his foundational geocritical study of literary place, Atlas of the European Novel, Franco Morretti uses maps as analytical tools, “that dissect texts in an unusual way, bringing to light relations that would otherwise remain hidden.”vi Doing so, he brings to notice literature’s spatial dimensions; explorations of narrative, for example, or the spread of a genre in relation to real places in the world. Central to his analysis are place names such as Bath, London, Plymouth, Norland Park, Antigua.vii And yet these proper nouns are not the only markers of literature’s spatial negotiations. Rossetti’s spatial imagining is registered in the deep grammar of her writing, in prepositions, those small, often overlooked words like “by”, “at”, “where”, “to” and “from”, often used to anchor or locate the speaker in space and place and to register how spaces are encountered and experienced. In his Oxford Modern English Grammar (2011), Bas Aarts defines prepositions as “uninflected, usually short words which often express spatial meanings which can be literal (in the box, near the school, on the desk) or figurative (in love, beyond belief, beneath contempt). Other meanings are non-spatial and abstract, as in the phrases for your benefit, the first of July.viii Morretti’s more recent experiments in distant computational reading at Stanford Literary Lab (published in Canon/Archive, 2017) revealed the centrality of locative prepositions in differentiating certain fictional genres: the Gothic novel isn’t just distinguished from the Jacobin novel, or Bildungsroman by key context words like “castle”, but by more frequent use of certain verb tenses, articles and locative prepositions.ix This, in turn, is the result of certain “higher order choices”: “do you want to write a story where each and every room may be full of surprises? Then locative prepositions, articles and verbs in the past tense are bound to follow.”x But while the perspectives offered by distant reading can be inviting and illuminating, the hidden dimensions which close reading can open up are also worth attention. In Rossetti’s poetry it’s not just the frequency of these words that’s worth noticing, but also the distinctive and complex ways in which they are employed. It is perhaps appropriate that a poet distinguished by her reserve and reticence should make so much of prepositions, those small words which John Hollander has described as the “most private parts of speech.”xi Writing in praise of Emily Dickinson’s prepositions, Hollander has suggested that they are “one of the great sources of difficulty” in her poetry.xii But if they can be “quite opaque”xiii, this opacity can also prove rich and rewarding. Rossetti’s prepositions, too, can be difficult and reward close reading. This essay proposes that attention to her use of prepositions illuminates Rossetti’s poetics of place, as it enriches our understanding of the ways in which poems can convey experiences of space. Doing so, it follows on from Heather Dubrow’s study of deixis in Renaissance Lyric. In Deixis in the Early Modern English Lyric: Unsettling Spatial Anchors like “Here”, “This”, “Come” (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), Dubrow explores how a number of poets use words such as here and there in distinctive ways to gesture at and move between dimensions of space, both real and imagined. Attending to these deictic markers, and to the varying senses of distance they open up, suggests new realms of meaning and new ways of understanding Renaissance Lyric. Similarly, attending to Rossetti’s prepositions can enrich our sense of her complexity as a Lyric poet, shedding light on her metaphysical thinking, as well as offering new ways of understanding her poetics of place, and the ways in which her sense of place was shaped and negotiated. Thus, a study of her prepositions offers new possibilities: it demonstrates how close reading can make an important contribution to space studies. i. By 3 Rossetti’s prepositions reward attention. David Kent has noted how her changing use of the preposition “after” in “Praying Always” contributes to the poem’s complex play of meaning.xiv Her locative prepositions also invite scrutiny. Rossetti can move nimbly between different senses or functions of a preposition in the same poem; doing so, she unsettles the anchoring sense these words often convey. In “By the Sea”, for example, written in 1858 and published in the revised 1875 edition of Goblin Market: Why does the sea moan evermore? Shut out from heaven it makes its moan, It frets against the boundary shore; All earth’s full rivers cannot fill The sea, that drinking thirsteth still. Sheer miracles of loveliness Lie hid in its unlooked-on bed: Anemones, salt, passionless, Blow flower-like; just enough alive To blow and multiply and thrive. Shells quaint with curve, or spot, or spike, Encrusted live things argus-eyed, All fair alike, yet all unlike, Are born without a pang, and die Without a pang, and so pass by.xv It is, as Anne Ferry has noted, unusual to end a poetic line, let alone a poem, with a preposition; she recalls how in his rhyming guide for poets, Bysshe cautions against ending a line with such words.xvi In Rossetti’s poem the final word, “by”, is part of an intransitive phrasal verb, “pass by”: the preposition “by” is not locative, that is to say it does not locate, rather it describes a movement away from, it is directional. OED sense 6a, for “pass by” is designated as, “On alongside of, into the vicinity of and on beyond, past. Originally the nearness in passing was emphasized; in later use ‘by’ is more frequently distinguished from ‘through’ … and expresses passing without stopping or contact, and thus avoidance, aloofness; but often the notion is merely that of getting beyond.” This open-ended sense of “beyond” works against the finality of the poem’s conclusion, and the double sense of ending and resisting an end is also expressed in its rhyme with “die”. The rhyme also calls up the ghosts of prepositional phrases which signify death: “pass on” or “pass away.” In this poem “by” is a key word which organises the poem’s movement of thought and patterns of sound: it picks up the i sounds of all the rhyme words in the stanza: spike, argus-eyed, unlike, die.