Choudhary et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): 813-825 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Available online at www.ijpab.com DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2648 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): 813-825 (2017) Review Article Evaluating the Joint Forest Management: A Review of Impact, Performance and Constraints Bishwa Bhaskar Choudhary1, Pitambara2* and S.K. Srivastava3 1Department of Agricultural Economics, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India 2Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India 3Department of Agricultural Economics, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Uttarakhand, India *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 28.02.2017 | Revised: 10.03.2017 | Accepted: 12.03.2017 ABSTRACT The Joint Forest Management Programme(JFM) has been a major thrust area of forest management over the last two decades. The programme is operating with main objective of forest management and empowerment of local livelihoods through sustainable resource utilization and income generation opportunities. This paper summarizes the previous standard studies carried out in India and abroad to examine the effectiveness and efficiency of the programme to meet its aforesaid objective. The paper focusses mainly on presenting the most of the previous literatures concerned with impact assesment of the JFM programme on income and employment of the rural households associated with the programme. Further, its role in equality in income distribution has also been emphasized. Apart from that, literatures concerning the problems faced by different stakeholders in implementation of the programme has also been summarized. The present paper will provide a brief overview to the policy makers regarding effectivness of the programme operationalized in different parts of the country and will support the decision makers at all level of decision making in understanding the location specific constaints associated with the programme and targeting financial resources and better management of resources to fulfill overall goal of the JFM programme. Key words: Joint Forest Management, forest, sustainable, income distribution INTRODUCTION where humans play a significant role, and We are living in an age where human activities these ecosystems themselves are dominated by have intervened with the Earth‟s ecosystem at an increasingly homogenous group of flora an unprecedented rate and affected its geology and fauna. The situation is analogous within and physiology, moving us from the Holocene India where forests have provided a habitat into a period aptly termed as the and livelihood to approximately 360 million Anthropocene8. Currently, almost 90% of the people29. world‟s plant activity is found in ecosystems Cite this article: Choudhary, B.B., Pitambara and Srivastava, S.K., Evaluating the Joint Forest Management: A Review of Impact, Performance and Constraints , Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(2): 813-825 (2017). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2648 Copyright © April, 2017; IJPAB 813 Choudhary et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): 813-825 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Forests cover 31% of total land area act as catalysts and diverting forests for worldwide, which is an area just over 4 billion agriculture, both small and large scale, is a hectares15. FAO defines a forest as an area that major cause of deforestation across the globe. covers a minimum of 0.5 to 1.0 hectares with However, demand for timber also drives tree crown cover of more than 10 to 30%, deforestation whilst contributing to land use where the trees have a potential height of a change emissions28. minimum of 2 to 5 meters at maturity. This Pressure on Indian Forest definition includes areas which are temporarily Forest and tree cover of the country is 78.29 m unstocked due to human intervention or ha, which is 23.81 per cent of the geographical natural causes, but have the potential to revert area. This includes 2.76 per cent of tree back to forest14. cover19. India has only 1.8% per cent of the Forests harbour much of the world‟s global forest area but has to support 16 per territorial biodiversity, and India is one of the cent of the world‟s human population9. A 12 mega-biodiverse countries in the world. burgeoning population means continuously Forests provide a range of ecosystem services. increasing demands for natural resources. Of Ecosystem services are divided into direct and the 1.21 billion people in India, 27.5 per cent indirect services. Within direct provisioning live below the national poverty line and most services, forests provide water, timber and of them depend directly or indirectly on forests other raw materials for domestic and industrial for their livelihood. Almost all of the 83 use, food and fruits, fuel as fuel wood is a million tribal people depend on forests directly significant source of cooking fuel, and fodder for their survival. Of the total population using for livestock grazing, medicinal plants, and fuel wood, 23 % of population is obtaining other non timber forest produce (NTFP)39. fuel wood from forests19. This tremendous Forests also regulate soil, water and climate pressure results in the degradation of forests, and act as carbon sinks, by absorbing around which further affects their livelihood. Thus, 11% of India‟s carbon dioxide emissions protection of forests in India cannot be annually3. Besides, forests have been discussed independent of the people dependant important in India culturally and spiritually for on it. generations as traditional Indian culture and In India, increasing greenhouse gas customs embraced environmental protection concentrations are expected to raise and conservation of forests and wildlife, for temperatures, reduce water flow and decrease example, through sacred groves and crop yields36. At the same time, India already worshiping of trees and animals. suffers severe food shortages and food prices All of these play a vital role in the are expected to double in the next twenty socio-economic well being of forest dependent years15. Thus, in such a world where humans communities. In India, there is a strong are simultaneously a cause of the problem and dependence of the societies on their the solution, it is essential to find ways to surrounding ecosystem for survival. This has involve people in utilizing the limited resulted in a deep ethnology of conservation resources in a sustainable manner and and judicious use of these natural resources preserving essential ecosystem functions today over many generations in rural India, which and in the future. includes poor individuals and tribal hamlets39. Joint Forest Management (JFM) In India Using forest products to satisfy basic needs Origins and evolution of JFM such as food, fuel and fodder for sustenance in To understand the concept and process of Joint an unchecked manner can often lead to Forest Management (JFM) in India we need to deforestation and forest degradation. delve into the evolution of the forest policy Deforestation is prolific across the globe with and legislations in the country. Though the manifold causes that vary from country to initial set of policies and laws on forestry dates country. Poverty and population growth often back to the colonial period and the immediate Copyright © April, 2017; IJPAB 814 Choudhary et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): 813-825 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 post-independence period, one notices a areas. This was ostensibly designed to meet paradigm shift in India‟s forest policy and the growing demand for firewood and small legislations in the 1980s, with the passage of wood required by the local communities. It the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. This Act was also in line with the thinking implicit in highlighted the primacy of conservation of the National Forest Policy of 1952. forests over the previous emphasis on utilizing In the mid and late 1970s, the spread „forests‟ for meeting the requirements of of the „Chipko‟ movement in the U. P. Hills agriculture and industry. (now in Uttarakhand) led to a situation where The first forest policy of India was the accepted tenets of the 1952 National Forest enacted during the British period in 1894. This Policy were questioned by the environmental policy was centrally influenced by the Volcker movements in the country. The adverse Commission Report, which posited forests to consequences of large-scale diversion of be a biomass provider for the agricultural forestlands to non-forestry purposes (which hit sector. After independence, the Government of an astounding rate of 150,000 hectares per India enacted a new forest policy in the year year prior to the 1980s), were too glaring to be 1952 that, while largely subscribing to the ignored by the policy makers35. Accordingly, philosophy of the 1894 policy, nevertheless the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was highlighted the functional classification of enacted by the Government of India to check forests. The 1952 policy classified forests into diversion of forestlands for non-forestry protection forests, national forests, village purposes. This act made it obligatory for State forests and tree lands. The policy Governments to seek prior approval of the recommended weaning of tribes from shifting Central Government for undertaking diversion cultivation practices and controlling of grazing of forestlands for non-forestry purposes. and other activities in forest areas. Functional Meanwhile, in pursuance of the 1972 Wildlife classification presupposed that forests had to (Protection) Act, the Government of India set be typified in terms of their relative ability to up an extensive network of protected areas in subserve agricultural and industrial systems in the country. By the end of the 1980s, protected India. Accordingly, forests in hilly regions had areas accounted for 13.6 million hectares with to be preserved and protected on account of the constitution of nearly 70 national parks and their possible role in preventing soil erosion 411 wildlife sanctuaries in different parts of and water runoff from agricultural catchments.