ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en A THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL IN CULTURAL DIPLOMACY ANALYSIS The case of the Brazilian Cultural Centre in Barcelona (2003-2013) Doctoral Dissertation by Fabrício Borges Carrijo Submitted for the PhD programme in Political Science, Public Policies and International Relations Department of Political Science and Public Law ADVISORS PhD CANDIDATE Dra. Anna Ayuso Fabricio Borges Carrijo Dra. Elizabete Sanches Rocha 2016 2 To Kasia 3 4 “Cuando llegamos a los límites, es necesario aumentar las opciones”1 (Walter Mignolo, 2015) 1 In English, our own translation, “when we reach the limits, it is necessary enhance the options”. 5 6 INDEX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………... 13 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………...... 17 CHAPTER 1……………………………………………………………………………… 21 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AND POSTCOLONIALITY…………………………………………………………………… 23 1.1 The “post” and coloniality of power ……………………………………............ 25 1.2 Postcolonialism: an emerging epistemology in IR……………………………... 17 1.3 International Relations theory and coloniality ………..………………………... 26 1.4 Cultural Diplomacy…………………………………………………………….. 29 1.5 Coloniality of power, epistemology and representation………………………... 32 1.6 A Postcolonial locus of enunciation…………………………………………… 35 1.7 Postcoloniality, Identity and Beyond…………………………………………... 39 1.8 Decoloning International Relations and Cultural Diplomacy………………….. 41 CHAPTER 2……………………………………………………………………………... 43 CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AND THE AGENT-STRUCTURE DEBATE…………... 45 2.1 The Agent-Structure Debate in International Relations…………………….…... 45 2.2 The Rotational Model…………………………………………………………… 53 2.2.1 The Rotational Model and Cultural Diplomacy………………………….. 53 2.2.2 The Rotational Model‟s Propositions…………………………………….. 54 2.2.3 Actors in Cultural Diplomacy: Agents and Structures…………………… 55 Structures………………………………………………………………… 55 Agents……………………………………………………………………. 58 Actor‟s Double Identity: Agents and Structures…………………….. …... 59 2.2.4 Agents and structures in motion…………………………………………. 62 Structure………………………………..…………………………. 62 Structure as a Constraining Mechanism…………………............. 66 Structure as a Facilitator of Agency …………………………….. 69 Active and Reactive Cultural Diplomacy Structure…………........... 70 Cultural Diplomacy Structure: Cooperative and Reserved .…….. 71 Agency…………………………………………………………….……… 72 CHAPTER 3……………………………………………………………………………... 77 CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AS POWER………………………………………………. 79 3.1 Cultural Diplomacy as Power: a monologic approach………………………..... 79 3.2 Cultural Diplomacy and identity……………………………………………….. 80 3.3 Culture, modernity and coloniality ………..…………………………………... 81 3.4 Cultural Diplomacy and classification………………………………………….. 83 3.5 Cultural Diplomacy and silence……………………………………………….. 87 7 3.6 Epistemic Violence……………………………………………………………. 93 Soft power and epistemic violence…………………………………………………… 97 3.7 Cultural Diplomacy regulatory and constitutive power………………………. 98 3.7.1 Cultural Diplomacy regulatory power…………………………………… 99 3.7.2 Cultural Diplomacy‟s constitutive power……………………………….. 102 3.8 Cultural Diplomacy power and its fragilities…………………………………. 106 CHAPTER 4……………………………………………………………………………. 109 CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AS RESISTANCE………………………………………… 111 4.1 Spaces of Intercultural Encounters……………………………………………. 111 4.2 A Recognition Claim…………………………………………………………... 112 4.3 Cultural Diplomacy and Identity………………………………………………... 116 4.4 Epistemic disobedience…………………………………………………………. 120 4.5 Double critique………………………………………………………………….. 121 4.6 National identity into question………………………………………………….. 122 4.7 Cultural consciousness…………………………………………………………. 126 CHAPTER 5……………………………………………………………………………… 129 CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AND METHODOLOGY…………………………………… 131 5.1 Cultural Diplomacy and quantitative method…………………………………... 131 5.2 Culture and Statistical frameworks……………………………………………... 133 5.3 A methodological proposal: The Cultural Diplomacy Data Analysis Framework (CDDAF)…………………………………………………………. 135 5.3.1 CDDAF and the relevance of measurement……………………………… 135 5.3.2 Objectives………………………………………………………………… 137 5.3.3 How the Cultural Diplomacy Framework functions……………………… 138 Statistical unit: Cultural Diplomacy project……………………………... 138 Cultural Diplomacy Indicators…………………………………………… 139 Number of projects……………………………………………………….. 140 Cultural Diplomacy Area………………………………………………… 141 Cultural Domain………………………………………………………….. 142 Implementation Strategy…………………………………………………. 142 Type of support…………………………………………………………… 144 Budget…………………………………………………………………….. 145 Partnership…………………………………………………………….…. 147 Initiative…………………………………………………………………... 150 Post‟s function……………………………………………………………. 150 Place of Implementation………………………………………………….. 151 Implementation City………………………………………………………. 152 CHAPTER 6……………………………………………………………………………. 155 RESEACH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………… 157 6.1 Research goals………………………………………………………………… 157 8 6.2 Quantitative Analysis………………………………………………………….. 158 6.2.1 Statistical data and Brazilian Cultural Diplomacy………………………. 158 6.2.2 Data analysis……………………………………………………………. 160 6.2.3 Challenges along the data collection……………………………………. 163 6.2.4 Field research at the Brazilian Consulate in Barcelona………………… 167 Documental Analysis…………………………………………………… 167 6.2.5 Cultural Diplomacy Decision-Making process and Methodology……… 168 Survey………………………………………………………………….... 168 6.3 Quantitative Analysis …………………………………………………………… 169 6.3.1 Field research at Itamaraty ……………………………………………… 170 Documental Analysis …………………………………………………… 170 Semi-structured Interviews ………………………………………………. 170 6.3.2 Field research at the Brazilian Cultural Centre in Barcelona…………… 172 CHAPTER 7……………………………………………………………………………… 175 BRAZILIAN CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS….. 177 7.1 Brazilian Foreign Policy and decision-making………………………………… 177 7.2 Brazilian Cultural Diplomacy………………………………………………… 180 7.3 Results and Discussion………………………………………………………….. 184 7.3.1 Stage One- Formulation………………………………………………… 185 Structure…………………………………………………………………... 185 Agency…………………………………………………………………….. 186 Cultural Diplomacy Guidelines……………………………………..……. 187 Division of Cultural Operations Diffusion (DODC)…………………… 190 Division of Audio-Visual Promotion (DAV)……………………….……... 193 Division of Coordination of Diffusion (DIVULG)…………….………….. 194 Division of the Portuguese Language Promotion (DPLP)……………….. 197 7.3.2 Stage Two: Planning……………………………………………………. 201 Stage Two: Procedure A……………………………………………….. 201 Stage Two: Procedure B………………………………………………….. 205 7.3.3 Stages Three, Four and Five: Selection, Implementation and Monitoring 207 CHAPTER 8........................................................................................................................ 209 THE BRAZILIAN CULTURE CENTRE IN BARCELONA............................................ 211 8.1 Historical context……………………………………………………………….. 211 8.2 Results of the application of the Cultural Diplomacy Data Analysis Framework 212 8.2.1 Brazilian Cultural Centre in Barcelona (BCCBcn)……………………….. 213 Analysis of the Cultural Diplomacy Area……………………………….. 213 Analysis of Cultural Domain……………………………………………. 216 Analysis of Implementation Strategy………………..….………………. 220 Type of support and budget……………………………………………….. 222 Partnership……………………………………………………………….. 227 Initiative…………………………………………………………………... 228 Function of the Post………………………………………………………. 232 9 Place of implementation………………………………………………….. 233 8.2.2 Brazilian Cultural Centre: Survey with the Portuguese language students. 234 8.2.3 Results of the survey applied to the students of the BCCBcn……………. 239 Student‟s profile………………………………………………………………..… 239 Perceptions about Brazilian Cultural Centre in Barcelona……………….. 241 Perceptions about Brazil……………………………………………………….. 242 Contact with Brazilians………………………………………………………… 244 CHAPTER 9 …………………………………………………………………………….. 245 THE BRAZILIAN CULTURAL CENTRE IN THE AGENT-STRUCTURE INTERPLAY………………………………………………………………………. ……. 247 9.1 Stage One………………………………………………………………………. 248 9.1.1 Structure………………………………………………………………….. 250 9.1.2 Agency……………………………………………………………………. 252 9.2 Stage Two………………………………………………………………………. 256 9.2.1 Structure…………………………………………………………………... 256 Cooperative and Reserved Cultural Diplomacy………………………... 259 Brazil Cultural Network……………………………………………… 260 The BCC-Bcn infrastructure…………………………………………..….. 262 9.2.2 Agency……………………………………………………………………. 266 Projects Cultural Domain………………………………………………… 268 Agency and the Cooperative - Reserved Cultural Diplomacy interplay…. 270 Agency and cultural infrastructure……………………………………….. 272 Agency and guidelines……………………………………………………. 276 9.3 Stage Three……………………………………………………………………... 277 9.3.1 Structure……………………………………………………….………… 278 9.3.2 Agency……………………………………………………………..……… 280 9.4 Stage Four………………………………………………………………………. 281 9.4.1 Structure…………………………………………………………………... 281 Budget…………………………………………………………………….. 281 Cultural Centre‟s infrastructure…………………………………………. 284 9.4.2 Agency……………………………………………………………………. 286 Fifty years