View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of Mathematics Mathematics, Department of 2005 Matrix Model Superpotentials and Calabi–Yau Spaces: An A-D-E Classification Carina Curto University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/mathfacpub Part of the Mathematics Commons Curto, Carina, "Matrix Model Superpotentials and Calabi–Yau Spaces: An A-D-E Classification" (2005). Faculty Publications, Department of Mathematics. 41. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/mathfacpub/41 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mathematics, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of Mathematics by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. arXiv:math/0505111v1 [math.AG] 6 May 2005 Copyright c 2008 by Carina Curto All rights reserved MATRIX MODEL SUPERPOTENTIALS AND CALABI–YAU SPACES: AN A-D-E CLASSIFICATION by Carina Curto Department of Mathematics Duke University Date: Approved: David R. Morrison, Supervisor M. Ronen Plesser Paul S. Aspinwall William L. Pardon Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Mathematics in the Graduate School of Duke University 2005 ABSTRACT (Mathematics) MATRIX MODEL SUPERPOTENTIALS AND CALABI–YAU SPACES: AN A-D-E CLASSIFICATION by Carina Curto Department of Mathematics Duke University Date: Approved: David R. Morrison, Supervisor M. Ronen Plesser Paul S. Aspinwall William L. Pardon An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Mathematics in the Graduate School of Duke University 2005 Abstract We use F. Ferrari’s methods relating matrix models to Calabi-Yau spaces in order to ex- plain Intriligator and Wecht’s ADE classification of = 1 superconformal theories which N arise as RG fixed points of = 1 SQCD theories with adjoints. The connection between N matrix models and = 1 gauge theories can be seen as evidence for the Dijkgraaf–Vafa N conjecture. We find that ADE superpotentials in the Intriligator–Wecht classification ex- actly match matrix model superpotentials obtained from Calabi-Yau’s with corresponding ADE singularities. Moreover, in the additional O, A, D and E cases we find new singu- lar geometries. These ‘hat’ geometries are closely related to their ADE counterparts, but b b b b feature non-isolated singularities. As a byproduct, we give simple descriptions for small res- olutions of Gorenstein threefold singularities in terms of transition functions between just two coordinate charts. To obtain these results we develop techniques for performing small resolutions and small blow-downs, including an algorithm for blowing down exceptional P1’s. In particular, we conjecture that small resolutions for isolated Gorenstein three- fold singularities can be obtained by deforming matrix factorizations for simple surface singularities – and prove this in the length 1 and length 2 cases. iv A mi t´io, Pompilio Zigrino, por despertar mi inter´es en la f´isica. To my professor, Vincent Rodgers, for ten years of pedagogy and support. A mis padres, In´es y Ra´ul, por darme el mundo y mucho m´as. v Acknowledgements First and most importantly, I would like to thank my advisor, Dave Morrison – it has been amazing to work with you. Thank you Ronen for introducing me to strings. Thanks to Ilarion and Sven for learning with me and for teaching me so many beautiful things. Thank you Anda and Janice – it would have been ten times harder without you! Thanks to Carly and Pedro for turning the whole world into playdough. And a grateful thanks to Ryan and Kris, who had to live with me. To Vladimir it goes without say. Gracias a Julio Cort´azar, Che Guevara, Frida Kahlo, Subcomandante Marcos, y Evita Per´on por ser figuras facinantes y controversiales. Me han distraido cuando m´as lo he necesitado, y me mantienen conciente del continente. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Shakira, Belle & Sebastian, Elliott Smith, Tori Amos, Gal Costa, Manu Chao, and all of the Russian music I listened to while writing. This work is supported by NSF and VIGRE graduate fellowships. vi Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements vi List of Tables xi List of Figures xii 1 Introduction 1 2 Ferrari’s construction 15 2.1 Abitaboutmatrixmodels. 15 2.2 Thegeometricframework . 16 2.2.1 Step 1: Construction of resolved Calabi-Yau . ...... 18 2.2.2 Step 2: Locating the P1’s ........................ 20 2.2.3 Step 3: Finding the blow-down map in Ferrari’s examples...... 20 2.3 Example: Ak ................................... 23 3 Preliminary computations 25 3.1 Perturbations which contribute to superpotential . ........... 26 3.2 Ferrari’sexample2............................... 28 3.3 Superpotentials which change bundle structure . ......... 31 3.4 Classification of perturbation terms . ....... 34 3.5 Resolutionoftheidealsheaf. 35 4 Blowups for surface singularities 37 4.1 Howtoblowupasinglenode . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 4.2 The An−1 story.................................. 39 vii 4.2.1 Invarianttheory ............................. 39 4.2.2 Matrixofrelations ............................ 40 4.2.3 Summaryofresults............................ 40 4.2.4 Theblowup................................ 41 4.3 The Dn+2 story.................................. 43 4.3.1 Invarianttheory ............................. 43 4.3.2 Matrixofrelations ............................ 44 4.3.3 Summaryofresults............................ 47 4.3.4 Howtousethistoblowup . .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 4.3.5 Theblowup................................ 49 5 Small resolutions 52 5.1 “Bottom-up”approach. 52 5.2 The An−1 story.................................. 53 5.2.1 Invarianttheory ............................. 53 5.2.2 Matrix factorization with deformation . ..... 54 5.2.3 Theblowup................................ 54 5.2.4 Identification of superpotential in A1 case ............... 55 5.3 The Dn+2 story.................................. 58 5.3.1 Invarianttheory ............................. 58 5.3.2 TheTyurinablowup ........................... 59 5.3.3 Comparison with non-deformed version . 60 5.3.4 Matrix of relations for the full deformation . ...... 62 5.3.5 Theblowup................................ 66 5.4 Difficultieswiththeapproach . 69 viii 6 Small blow-downs from global holomorphic functions 70 6.1 “Top-down”approach .............................. 70 6.2 The Intriligator–Wecht classification . ........ 71 6.3 Theproblem ................................... 72 6.4 Reformulationoftheproblem . 73 6.5 Thealgorithm................................... 74 6.5.1 Ashortcut ................................ 76 6.5.2 Implementation.............................. 76 7 Length 1 77 7.1 The Case Ak ................................... 78 7.2 Apuzzle...................................... 80 8 Length 2 82 8.1 The Case Dk+2 .................................. 83 8.2 Transition functions for more general length 2 blowup . .......... 86 9 Length 3 89 9.1 The Case E7 ................................... 90 9.2 Matrix factorization for a length 3 singularity . .......... 93 10 Other ADE cases 94 10.1 The Case E6 ................................... 94 10.2 The Case E8 ................................... 96 11 The ‘Hat’ cases 98 11.1 The Case O .................................... 99 11.2 The Case Ab .................................... 100 11.3 The Case Db .................................... 102 b ix 11.4 The Case E .................................... 104 b 11.5 ComparisonwithADEcases . 107 12 Future directions 109 A Maple code for blow-down algorithm 111 A.1 Descriptionofthecode. 111 A.2 Maplecode .................................... 113 Bibliography 118 Biography 120 x List of Tables 1.1 Gorenstein threefold singularities in preferred versalform .......... 6 1.2 Superpotentials corresponding to length 1, length 2, and length 3 singularities. 11 1.3 Geometries for the ‘Hat’ cases. 12 1.4 Geometrically equivalent superpotentials. .......... 13 3.1 Bundle-changing perturbation terms in the 2-matrix model. ......... 34 3.2 Summary of superpotential-contributing perturbation terms. ........ 35 6.1 Identification of corresponding resolved geometries . ............ 72 xi List of Figures 1.1 Thebigpicture.................................. 2 1.2 The 6 types of Gorenstein threefold singularities . .......... 7 1.3 The blowup of a node leaves residual surface singularities .......... 8 1.4 Intriligator–Wecht Classification of RG Fixed Points . ........... 9 2.1 Ferrari’s diagram [12, page 631]. ..... 16 2.2 The triple of Calabi-Yau spaces corresponding to a single matrix model. 17 4.1 Residual singularities from the blowup of an A6 node............. 42 4.2 Residual singularities from the blowup of a D8 node ............. 51 5.1 Small resolution via blowup of a length 1 node . ...... 55 5.2 TheTyurinablowup ............................... 61 5.3 Small resolution via blowup of a length 2 node . ...... 68 6.1 Intriligator–Wecht Classification of RG Fixed Points . ........... 71 A.1 An algorithm for constructing the blow down . 112 xii Chapter 1 Introduction Duality has long played an important role in string theory. Dualities between the five major classes of