Penal Code of Bhutan PENAL CODE OF BHUTAN Table of Contents Content Page No. PART ONE ................................................................................................................................. 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................... 1 PRELIMINARY ......................................................................................................................... 1 Short title, commencement and extent........................................................................................ 1 Repeal ......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................... 1 CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES .............................................................................................. 1 Classes of crime ........................................................................................................................... 1 Degrees of felonies ..................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................... 2 SENTENCING............................................................................................................................ 2 Value-based sentencing .............................................................................................................. 3 Mitigating circumstances............................................................................................................ 4 Aggravating circumstances......................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................... 5 ALTERNATIVES TO SENTENCING........................................................................................ 5 Civil commitment in lieu of imprisonment or sentence.............................................................. 5 Thrimthue.................................................................................................................................... 5 Commutation of sentences or conditional discharge .................................................................. 5 Infraction of conditions of conditional release .............................................................................. 6 Restriction................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................... 6 DAMAGES, RESTITUTION, CONFISCATION AND RECOVERY ..................................... 6 Damages in general..................................................................................................................... 6 Compensatory damages .............................................................................................................. 6 Default on compensatory damages or fine.................................................................................. 7 Repayment of debt in the case of homicide................................................................................ 7 Restitution................................................................................................................................... 7 Confiscation and recovery .......................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................... 8 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY................................................................................ 8 An act must be voluntary ............................................................................................................ 8 An omission must be voluntary .................................................................................................. 8 Presumption of voluntary possession.......................................................................................... 8 General requirements of culpability............................................................................................ 8 Purposely..................................................................................................................................... 9 Knowingly................................................................................................................................... 9 Recklessly ................................................................................................................................... 9 Negligently.................................................................................................................................. 9 i Penal Code of Bhutan Culpability....................................................................................................................................... 9 Causal relationship between conduct and result ....................................................................... 10 Accomplice liability.................................................................................................................. 10 Approver ................................................................................................................................... 10 Consolidated trials and double jeopardy................................................................................... 11 Non-compoundable and compoundable offences..................................................................... 11 Bailable offences....................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................................. 11 AFFIRMATIVE DEFENCES TO LIABILITY ....................................................................... 11 Ignorance or mistake................................................................................................................. 11 Intoxication ............................................................................................................................... 12 Duress, compulsion, or coercion............................................................................................... 12 Consent of the victim................................................................................................................ 12 Conditions for valid consent ..................................................................................................... 13 Consent to bodily injury............................................................................................................ 13 Entrapment defence .................................................................................................................. 13 Defence of alibi......................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 8 ............................................................................................................................. 13 JUSTIFICATION AS AN AFFIRMATIVE DEFENCE.......................................................... 13 Justification in general .............................................................................................................. 13 Prevention of greater harm or crime ......................................................................................... 13 Execution of public duty........................................................................................................... 14 Error in the execution of a superior’s order.............................................................................. 14 Officially induced error............................................................................................................. 14 Use of force............................................................................................................................... 14 When use of force is not a defence ........................................................................................... 14 Use of deadly force ................................................................................................................... 15 Use of confinement as protective force .................................................................................... 15 Use of force to protect property................................................................................................ 15 Use of force to a wrongful obstructer ....................................................................................... 16 Use of force by a private person assisting an arrest.................................................................. 16 Use of force to prevent escape from custody...........................................................................