Social Development Department Europe and Central Asia Series The Social Development Department August 2009 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20011 Agricultural Activities, Water, and www.worldbank.org/socialdevelopment Public Disclosure Authorized [email protected] Gender in Tajikistan’s Rural Sector: A Social Assessment of Konibodom, Bobojon Ghafurov, and Yovon Public Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT FVWRMP GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN FERGHANA VALLEY | ( ) | Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Agricultural Activities, Water, and Gender in Tajikistan’s Rural Sector: A Social Assessment of Konibodom, Bobojon Ghafurov, and Yovon World Bank | Government of the Republic of Tajikistan Ferghana Valley Water Resources Management Project (FVWRMP) August 2009 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................................. v Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... vii Purpose, Scope, and Impact ....................................................................................................................... vii Summary of Findings .................................................................................................................................. vii 1. Background, Rationale, and Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Social Assessment Focus ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Social Assessment Methodology ........................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Previous Studies on Tajikistan’s Rural/Agricultural Sector .............................................................. 3 1.5 Organization of the Report ..................................................................................................................... 4 2. Socioeconomic Conditions, Access to Land, and Agricultural Activities ......................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Demographic Profile ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.3 Migration .................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Employment .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2.5 Income and Subsistence ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.6 Access to Land ........................................................................................................................................... 8 2.7 Farming Practices and Possession of Livestock .................................................................................. 11 2.8 Gender and Agricultural Activities ...................................................................................................... 12 2.9 Summary of Main Findings .................................................................................................................. 14 3. Access to Water and Structure of Water Provisions ................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 15 3.3 Institutional Setting ................................................................................................................................ 16 3.4 Access to Water and Water Shortages .................................................................................................. 18 3.5 Consequences of Water-Related Difficulties ...................................................................................... 21 3.6 Water Conflicts ....................................................................................................................................... 23 3.7 Summary of Main Findings .................................................................................................................. 24 4. Water Users Associations ................................................................................................................................................. 26 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 26 4.2 Institutional Background ...................................................................................................................... 26 4.3 WUAs Covered in This Study .............................................................................................................. 27 4.4 Demonstrated Benefits of WUAs ......................................................................................................... 28 4.5 Challenges to the Operation of WUAs ................................................................................................ 29 4.6 Summary of Main Findings .................................................................................................................. 32 i 5. Synthesis of Findings and Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 33 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 33 5.2 Agricultural Activities, Water, Gender, and Poverty: A Structural Analysis ................................ 33 5.3 Improving the Water Provision Structure .......................................................................................... 40 Annex A: Supplementary Notes on Methodology ......................................................................................................... 45 A.1 Quantitative Survey Methodology ..................................................................................................... 45 A.2. Qualitative Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 47 A.3 Calculation of Household Income Measure ....................................................................................... 48 Annex B: Supplementary Notes on Methodology .......................................................................................................... 50 B.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 50 B.2. Water Resources, Distribution Channels, Drainage Networks, and Melioration ............................ 50 B.3 Legal Basis of Water Management and Provision ............................................................................ 52 B.4 Water Resources Management Institutions ....................................................................................... 53 B.5 Current Water Resources Management Difficulties ......................................................................... 56 B.6 Water Users Association ....................................................................................................................... 60 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 66 Annex C: Survey Instruments .............................................................................................................................................. 69 C1. Questionnaire ......................................................................................................................................... 69 SECTION A: Household Information ........................................................................................................ 71 SECTION B: Information on land and agricultural activities ................................................................. 73 SECTION C: ACCESS TO WATER ............................................................................................................ 76 SECTION F: Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................................