H E W L E T-PA C K A R D JOURNAL June 1992 N/sc HEWLETT PACKARD © Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co. HEWLETT-PACKARD JOURNAL June 1992 Volume 43 • Number 3 Articles ¡ HP-UX Karen System Kernel Support for the HP 9000 Series 700 Workstations, by Karen Kerschen and Jeffrey R. G/asson I An Example of the FTEST Instruction Providing HP-UX Kernel Functionality on a New PA-RISC Architecture, by Donald E. Bollinger, Frank P. Lemmon, and Dawn L. Yamine ^ New Optimizations for PA-RISC Compilers, by Robert C. Hansen // Link-Time Optimizations 7 A HP 9000 Series 700 FORTRAN Optimizing Preprocessor, by Roben A. Gottlieb, DanielJ. Magenheimer, Sue A. Meloy, and Alan C. Meyer Vector Library Q Q Register Reassociation in PA-RISC Compilers, by Vatsa Santhanam ^< Q Software Pipelining in PA-RISC Compilers, by Sridhar Ramakrishnan At ¡ Shared Libraries for HP-UX, by CaryA. Coutant and Michelle A. Ruscetta Deferred Binding, Relocation, and Initialization of Shared Library Data Editor, Richard R Dolan • Associate Editor, Charles L Leath • Publication Production Manager, Susan E. Wright • Illustration, Renée D. Pighini Typography/Layout, Rita C Smith • Test and Measurement Organization Liaison. J Michael Gospe Advisory Harry William W. Brown, Integrated Circuit Business Division, Santa Clara. California • Harry Chou, Microwave Technology Division, Santa Rosa, California • Rajesh Gordon. Waltham, Systems Division, Cupertino, California Gary Gordon. HP Laboratories, Palo Alto. California* Jim Grady, Waltham Division. Waltham, Massachusetts • Man J. Marline, Systems Technology Division. Roseville, California • Roger L Jungerman, Microwave Technology Division. Santa Rosa, California • Paula Thomas Kanarek, InkJet Components Division, Corvallis, Oregon • Thomas F. Kraemer, Colorado Springs Division, Colorado Springs, Colorado * Ruby R. Lee, Networked Systems Japan Cupertino, California Bill Lloyd, HP Laboratories Japan. Kawasaki, Japan* Alfred Maute, Waldbronn Analytical Division, Waldbronn. Germany* Michael Printer San Measurement Systems Division. Loveland. Colorado* Shelley I. Moore, San Diego Printer Division, San Diego. California* Dona L. Morrill, Worldwide Customer Chelmsford, Division, Mountain View, California * William M. Mowson, Open Systems Software Division, Chelmsford, Massachusetts * Steven J. Narciso, VXi Systems Division. Loveland, Colorado * Raj Oza, Software Technology Division, Mountain View, California * Han Tian Phua, Asia Peripherals Division, Singapore • Günter Riebesell, Bòblingen Instruments Division, Bòblingen. Germany Marc J. Sabatella, Systems Technology Division, Fort Collins. Colorado* Michael B. Saunders, Integrated Circuit California Division, Corvallis, Oregon * Günter Steinbach, HP Laboratories, Palo Alto. California* Philip Stenton, HP Laboratories Bristol, Bristol, England* Stephen R. Undy, Instrument Technology Division, Fon Collins, Colorado Koichi Yanagawa. Kobe Instrument Division, Kobe, Japan* Dennis C. York. Corvallis Division. Corvallis, Oregon * Barbara Zïmmer, Corporate Engineering, Palo Alto, California ©Hewlett-Packard Company 1992 Printed in U.S.A. June 1992 Hewlett-Packard Journal © Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co. Research Reports Integrating an Electronic Dictionary into a Natural Language Processing System, by Diana C. Roberts -\Q Application of Spatial Frequency Methods to Evaluation of Printed Images, by Dale D. Russeil "7 p ! and Raytraced Image Generation, by Susan S. Spach and Ronald W. Pulleybiank Departments 4 In this Issue 5 Cover 5 What's Ahead 65 Authors The Hewlett-Packard Journal is published bimonthly by the Hewlett-Packard Company to recognize technical contributions made by Hewlett-Packard (HP} personnel. While the information found in this publication is believed to be accurate, the Hewlett-Packard Company disclaims all warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose and all obligations and liabilities for damages, including but not limited to indirect, special, or conse quential publication. attorney's and expert's fees, and court costs, arising out of or in connection with this publication. Subscriptions: The Hewlett-Packard Journal is distributed free of charge to HP research, design and manufacturing engineering personnel, as well as to qualified address individuals, libraries, and educational institutions. Please address subscription or change of address requests on printed letterhead (or include submitting address, card) to the HP address on the back cover that is closest to you. When submitting a change of address, please include your zip or postal countries. and a copy of your old label. Free subscriptions may not be available in all countries. Submissions: HP- articles in the Hewlett-Packard Journal are primarily authored by HP employees, articles from non-HP authors dealing with HP- related considered or solutions to technical problems made possible by using HP equipment are also considered for publication. Please contact the Editor before submitting such articles. Also, the Hewlett-Packard Journal encourages technical discussions of the topics presented in recent articles and may publish letters expected to be of interest to readers. Letters should be brief, and are subject to editing by HP. Copyright publication 1992 Hewlett-Packard Company. All rights reserved. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this publication is hereby granted provided that 1) advantage; Company are not made, used, displayed, or distributed for commercial advantage; 2} the Hewlett-Packard Company copyright notice and the title of the the and date appear on the copies; and 3) a notice stating that the copying is by permission of the Hewlett-Packard Company. Please Journal, inquiries, submissions, and requests to: Editor, Hewlett-Packard Journal, 3200 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 U.S.A. June 1992 Hewlett-Packard Journal 3 © Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co. In this Issue Early last year, Hewlett-Packard introduced a family of new workstation com puters that surprised the workstation world with their high performance — a huge increase over the previous industry leaders — and their low prices. On standard industry benchmarks, the HP Apollo 9000 Series 700 computers outdis tanced the competition by a wide margin. The speed of the Series 700 machines can be attributed to a combination of three factors. One is a new version of HP's PA-RISC architecture called PA-RISC 1.1. (The PA stands for precision architec ture and the RISC stands for reduced instruction set computing.) PA-RISC 1.1 was worked on by teams from HP and the former Apollo Computers, Incorpo rated, specifically newly acquired by HP. It includes several enhancements specifically aimed computers' a workstation performance. The second factor in the new computers' speed is a new set of very megahertz. integrated circuit chips capable of operating at clock rates up to 66 megahertz. Called PCX-S, 640,000-transistor float includes a 577,000-transistor CPU (central processing unit), a 640,000-transistor float ing-point a and a 185,000-transistor memory and system bus controller. The third factor is a new version of the HP-UX operating system that takes advantage of the architectural enhancements of PA-RISC 1.1 and offers additional compiler optimizations to make programs run faster. The Series 700 hardware design story will appear in our next issue (August). In this issue we present the software part of the Series 700 speed formula. The article on page 6 summarizes the architectural en hancements of PA-RISC 1.1 and tells how the kernel of the HP-UX operating system was modified to take advantage of them. The article on page 11 describes the development process for the kernel modifica tions, quality. was tuned to meet an aggressive schedule without compromising quality. This article in cludes 700 project, description of the overall management structure for the Series 700 development project, which is overview considered within HP to be a model for future short-time-to-market projects. An overview of the additional compiler optimizations included in the new HP-UX release is provided by the article on page 15, along perfor performance data showing how the compiler enhancements improve the benchmark perfor mance of im Series 700 workstations. A new optimizing preprocessor for the FORTRAN compiler that im proves performance by 30% is described in the article on page 24. Optimization techniques called register reassociation and software pipelining, which help make program loops execute faster, are offered by the new compiler versions and are described in the articles on pages 33 and 39, respectively. The new release of the HP-UX operating system is the first to offer shared libraries, which significantly reduce the use of disk space and allow the operating system to make better use of memory. The HP-UX implementation of shared libraries is described in the article on page 46. The three Women's reports in this issue are based on presentations given at the 1991 HP Technical Women's Conference. The first paper (page 54) discusses the integration of an electronic dictionary into HP-NL, HP's natural 1982 understanding system, which was under development at HP Laboratories from 1982 to 1991. Dictionaries are important components of most computational linguistic products, such as machine translation systems, analyzers. language understanding systems, grammar checkers, spelling checkers, and word analyzers. Electronic dictionaries began as word lists and have been evolving, becoming