UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Phonology and Phonetics of Consonant-Tone Interaction A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Katrina Elizabeth Tang 2008 © Copyright by Katrina Elizabeth Tang 2008 The dissertation of Katrina Elizabeth Tang is approved. _________________________________ Sun-Ah Jun _________________________________ Donka Minkova Stockwell _________________________________ Russell Schuh, Committee Co-chair _________________________________ Kie Zuraw, Committee Co-chair University of California, Los Angeles 2008 ii To Paul iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction of Research Question............................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction of data............................................................................................. 2 1.2 Literature review................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Feature-based theories...................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Constraint-based theories ................................................................................. 9 1.3 Research approach ............................................................................................ 13 Chapter 2 A Survey of Consonant-Tone Interaction ................................................. 16 2.1 Criteria for inclusion ......................................................................................... 17 2.2 Which patterns are phonological?...................................................................... 20 2.3 Survey results.................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Summary of survey ....................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Types of interactions ..................................................................................... 29 2.3.3 Types of tones................................................................................................ 29 2.3.4 A note on the distribution of languages.......................................................... 31 2.4 Summary.......................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 Phonological Approaches......................................................................... 33 3.1 Spans and constraints on them........................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Constraints for consonant-tone interaction...................................................... 39 3.2 The Phonetics of Consonant-Tone Interaction ................................................... 41 3.2.1 Voicing and F0............................................................................................... 42 3.2.2 The physiology of the larynx.......................................................................... 43 3.2.3 Relevance to phonology ................................................................................. 48 3.2.4 Voicing .......................................................................................................... 50 3.2.5 Are these the only relevant factors?................................................................ 54 3.2.6 Other consonant types .................................................................................... 56 3.2.6.1 Glottal and glottalized stops ........................................................................ 56 3.2.6.2 Implosives................................................................................................... 57 3.2.6.3 Aspiration, voiceless frication, and /h/......................................................... 58 3.2.6.4 Other consonant types ................................................................................. 61 3.3 Bade.................................................................................................................. 61 3.3.1 Data ............................................................................................................ 62 3.3.2 High tone spreading ...................................................................................... 63 3.3.3 Low Tone Spreading..................................................................................... 65 3.3.4 Consonant-tone sequences.............................................................................. 68 3.3.5 Constraints..................................................................................................... 69 3.3.6 Spreading and blocking.................................................................................. 71 3.3.7 Falling tone.................................................................................................... 76 3.3.8 Implications for features................................................................................. 79 3.3.8.1 Voicing in Bade .......................................................................................... 80 3.3.8.2 Comparison of binary and privative voicing ................................................ 83 3.3.9 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 86 iv 3.4 Kam.................................................................................................................. 87 3.4.1 Descriptive phonology ................................................................................... 87 3.4.2 Restrictions on tone distribution..................................................................... 89 3.4.3 Analysis of Kam............................................................................................. 91 3.4.3.1 Contour tones and CVO syllables................................................................ 92 3.4.3.2 High register tones and checked syllables.................................................... 93 3.4.3.3 Aspirated onsets and rising tone .................................................................. 97 3.4.3.5 Falling tones.............................................................................................. 102 3.4.3.6 Onsets with no restrictions......................................................................... 103 3.4.3.7 Syllable structure and consonant type........................................................ 104 3.4.3.6 Convex and concave tones......................................................................... 106 3.4.3.7 Summary constraint ranking...................................................................... 108 3.4.3.8 Maximum perceptibility ............................................................................ 110 3.4.3.9 Implications for Tonal Theory................................................................... 112 3.5 Other types of consonants ............................................................................... 113 3.5.1 A Cross-Linguistic View of Implosives........................................................ 113 3.5.1.1 Bade: Neutral implosives (Schuh, 2002).................................................... 114 3.5.1.2 Ngizim: Implosives show an affinity for H (Peng, 1992; Schuh, 2002)..... 116 3.5.1.3 Kotoko: Implosives show an affinity for L (Odden, 2002)......................... 117 3.5.1.5 Analysis .................................................................................................... 118 3.5.1.6 Predictions and Discussion........................................................................ 123 3.5.2 General consonant types and tone................................................................. 125 3.6 Summary......................................................................................................... 130 Chapter 4 Phonetic Modeling................................................................................. 132 4.1 Data ................................................................................................................ 133 4.1.1 Segmenting .................................................................................................. 134 4.2 Modeling the median....................................................................................... 135 4.2.1 Median data ................................................................................................. 135 4.2.2 Median F0 model ......................................................................................... 137 4.2.3 Consonant effects......................................................................................... 143 4.2.4 Span effects.................................................................................................. 144 4.2.5 Modeling with tone instead of span ............................................................. 148 4.3 Modeling multiple time points for each syllable ............................................. 154 4.3.1 Effects of preceding segments..................................................................... 159 4.3.2 Effects of spans........................................................................................... 162 4.4 Limitations...................................................................................................... 165 4.5 Summary......................................................................................................... 167 Chapter 5 Conclusion............................................................................................