Facoltà di Giurisprudenza Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza OPINION CRIMES IN ITALY AND IN TURKEY: BALANCING THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION WITH THE DEFENCE OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER Supervisor Graduand Prof. Gabriele Fornasari Sofia Verza FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION – NATIONAL SECURITY– PUBLIC ORDER – ITALY– TURKEY ACADEMIC YEAR 2015/2016 Solo il poter essere letto da un individuo determinato prova che ciò che è scritto partecipa del potere della scrittura, un potere fondato su qualcosa che va al di là dell‟individuo. L‟universo esprimerà se stesso fin tanto che qualcuno potrà dire: “ Io leggo dunque esso scrive”. ITALO CALVINO Se una notte d‟inverno un viaggiatore 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER No. 1 ................................................................................................................................. 6 THE ITALIAN CRIMINAL CODE AND THE TURKISH TCK (TÜRK CEZA KANUNU), THE ORIGINS ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1.- Fascism and Kemalism: The Authoritarian Modernization ............................................. 9 - Commonalities and Differences ............................................................................................ 9 1.2- Mahmut Esat Bozkurt, Alfredo Rocco and Other Prominent Personalities ................. 15 1.3- Authoritarian Criminal Law for the Authoritarian Modernization .................................... 19 CHAPTER NO. 2 .............................................................................................................................. 22 NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC POLICY: EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPTS AND NEED FOR A BALANCE WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS ............................. 22 2.1- The “ Emotional” Criminal Law before the Perpetual Emergency ................................. 22 - Penal Populism ................................................................................................................ 24 - Criminalization and The Criminal Law of the Enemy ................................................. 26 - Increasing Jailing and Decrease of Procedural Guarantees .................................... 28 2.2- "Ethical" Criminal Law and the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights: Freedom of Expression as the Cornerstone and the Prerequisite of Fundamental Rights ............... 33 2.2 a)- The Protection of Free Expression in the Italian and Turkish Constitutions35 2.2 b)- Freedom of Expression‟s Appendixes: The Right to Criticize and the Right to Report ........................................................................................................................................ 42 2.2 c)- Freedom of Expression Belongs to Everyone but Journalists Need Greater Defences: The Frequency of Cases Involving Journalists................................................. 45 2.2 d)- The Balance between Freedom of Expression, National Security and Public Order in the European Convention of Human Rights and by the European Court of Human Rights‟ Jurisprudence ................................................................................................ 49 - The Right to Security ........................................................................................................... 53 - Relevant ECtHR‟s Case Law relating to the second part of Article No. 10 ECHR57 Italy .................................................................................................................................... 59 Turkey ............................................................................................................................... 63 2.2 e)- The Effectiveness of Strasbourg‟s Judgments in Deterring Violations of the Right to Free Expression ........................................................................................................ 67 - Individual Application ...................................................................................................... 69 - Just Satisfaction ............................................................................................................... 69 - Remedial Action – Reopening of Internal Processes: ............................................... 71 2 - National Judges: Their Instruction, Independence and Impartiality in the Perspective of the ECHR and Strasbourg Jurisprudence Reception .............................. 72 2.2 f)- Chilling Effect and Self-censorship ............................................................................ 77 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 78 CHAPTER No.3 ................................................................................................................................ 83 PARTICULAR PENAL PROVISIONS PROTECTING NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER IN THE ITALIAN AND TURKISH PENAL SYSTEMS .................................................. 83 3.1- CATEGORY No. 1: INSULT OF THE STATE INSTITUTIONS AND REPRESENTATIVES .................................................................................................................. 88 Italy .................................................................................................................................... 89 Turkey ............................................................................................................................. 103 3.2- CATEGORY No. 2: TERRORISM AND COUNTER- TERRORISM ........................... 116 3.2 a) The Notion of Terrorism ............................................................................................. 116 3.2 b) - The Emergency Legislation during a State of Emergency ................................. 122 3.2 c)- The Crimes of Danger ............................................................................................... 125 Italy .................................................................................................................................. 128 Turkey ............................................................................................................................. 144 Appendix No. 1 – The Repression of Dissident Movements in Italy .............................. 164 3.3- CATEGORY No. 3: THE “COMMON” CRIMES OF INSTIGATION TO COMMIT A CRIME, APOLOGY OF A CRIME AND INSTIGATION TO DISOBEY THE LAW ... 171 Italy .................................................................................................................................. 175 Turkey ............................................................................................................................. 191 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 207 INTERVIEWS ............................................................................................................................. 211 Şanar Yurdatapan - Activist and Composer ...................................................................... 211 Tolgay Güvercin– Lawyer of the Daily Newspaper Bir Gün ............................................ 215 Veysel Ok- Legal Advisor for P24 (Platform for Independent Journalism) and Nokta Magazine ................................................................................................................................. 219 İlay Yılmaz- Partner of ELİG Law Firm (Istanbul) .............................................................. 222 Orkut Murat Yılmaz – Software Developer ......................................................................... 226 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 229 Web Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 241 Jurisprudence ................................................................................................................................. 262 3 INTRODUCTION My subjects of study are the criminal law systems in Italy and Turkey, especially concerning the field of opinion crimes. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk‟s leadership, a transposition of several European codes took place: the Italian Zanardelli Code in 1926 and the Rocco Code in 1930 were adopted in the field of criminal law. Considering the influence arising from the Italian legal system, the provisions regarding the crimes against “State personality” and against national security and public order are particularly interesting; the Rocco Code of 1930, which was written in the middle of the two fascist decades, and the previous Zanardelli Code of 1889 badly conceal an extreme – and later we will analyze weather it is unbalanced- attention to the protection of the State, its institutions and senior political representatives, public order and national security. The first chapter of this dissertation will expand on the origins of the Italian and Turkish Criminal Codes and, above all, it will try to individuate some links between the ideological contexts surrounding their draft and adoption; I will outline some links and differences between the Fascist and Kemalist