LATIN AMERICAN SOCIO-RELIGIOUS STUDIES PROGRAM (PROLADES) TOWARD A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN THE AMERICAS BY MAJOR TRADITIONS AND FAMILY TYPES Clifton L. Holland, Editor First Edition: 30 October 1993 Last Modified on 20 April 2010 PROLADES Apartado 1524-2050, San Pedro, Costa Rica Telephone: (506) 283-8300; Fax (506) 234-7682 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.prolades.com © Clifton L. Holland 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 PROLADES Apartado 1524-2050 San José, Costa Rica All Rights Reserved 2 CONTENTS 1. Document #1: Toward a Classification System of Religious Groups in the Americas by Major Traditions and Family Types 7 2. Document #2: An Annotated Outline of the Classification System of Religious Groups by Major Traditions, Families and Sub-Families with Special Reference to the Americas 15 PART A: THE OLDER LITURGICAL CHRISTIAN TRADITIONS 15 A1.0 EASTERN LITURGICAL TRADITIONS 15 A1.10 EASTERN OTHODOX TRADITION 15 A1.11 Patriarchates 16 A1.12 Autocephalous Orthodox Churches 16 A1.13 Other Orthodox Churches in the Americas 17 A1.14 Schismatic Groups of Eastern Orthodox Origins 18 A1.20 NON-CALCEDONIAN ORTHODOX TRADITION 18 A1.21 Nestorian Family – Church of the East 18 A1.22 Monophysite Family 19 A1.23 Coptic Church Family 19 A1.30 INTRA-FAITH ORTHODOX ORGANIZATIONS 20 A2.0 WESTERN LITURGICAL TRADITION 20 A2.1 Roman Catholic Church 21 A2.2 Religious Orders of the Roman Catholic Church 21 A2.3 Autonomous Orthodox Churches in communion with the Vatican 21 A2.4 Old Catholic Church Movement 23 A2.5 Other Autonomous Churches of the Western Liturgical Tradition 26 A2.6 Intra-Faith Western Catholic Organizations 31 PART B: CHRISTIAN CHURCHES OF THE PROTESTANT MOVEMENT 32 B1.0 OLDER LITURGICAL PROTESTANT TRADITIONS 34 B1.1 Lutheran Family 34 B1.2 Reformed-Presbyterian-Congregational Family 35 B1.3 Anglican-Episcopal Family 40 B2.0 EVANGELICAL SEPARATIST (“FREE CHURCH”) TRADITION 42 B2.1 Anabaptist-Mennonite Family 42 B2.2 Baptist Family 46 B2.3 Pietist Family 50 B2.4 Independent Fundamentalist Family 56 B2.5 Holiness Movement Family 58 B2.6 Restorationist Movement Family 62 B2.7 Other Separatist-Free Church Groups 64 3 B3.0 ADVENTIST TRADITION 64 B3.1 Millerist Family of Sunday Worshippers 65 B3.2 Millerist Family of Sabbatical Worshippers 65 B3.3 Church of God Movement Family 65 B3.4 Armstrong Movement Family 65 B4.0 PENTECOSTAL MOVEMENT TRADITION 66 B4.01 Apostolic Faith Pentecostal Family 66 B4.02 Pentecostal Holiness Family 68 B4.03 Name of Jesus (Oneness) Pentecostal Family 72 B4.04 Finished Work Pentecostal Family 77 B4.05 Sabbatical Pentecostal Family 81 B4.06 Divine Healing & Deliverance Pentecostal Family 83 B4.07 Latter-Rain Movement Pentecostal Family 88 B4.08 Charismatic Movement Pentecostal Family 91 B4.09 Shepherding Pentecostal Family 94 B4.10 Word of Faith Pentecostal Family 97 B4.11 New Apostolic Reformation 100 B4.99 Unclassified Pentecostal Groups 105 B5.0 UNCLASSIFIED PROTESTANT CHURCHES 105 B6.0 INTRA-FAITH PROTESTANT ORGANIZATIONS 105 B7.0 PROTESTANT CHURCHES OF MIXED PENTECOSTAL AND NON-PENTECOSTAL ORIGINS AND PRACTICES 105 PART C: MARGINAL CHRISTIAN CHURCHES 106 C1.0 Adventist-related Groups 106 C2.0 Communal Family 107 C3.0 Jesus People Family 109 C4.0 Latter-day Saints/Mormon Tradition 110 C5.0 Liberal Family (Unitarian-Universalist) 111 C6.0 New Thought Family- Metaphysical 114 C7.0 Other Marginal Christian Groups by Region and Country of Origin 116 PART D: NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS GROUPS 121 D1.0 ORIENTAL RELIGIOUS GROUPS, PART I 121 D1.01 Buddhist Traditions 121 D1.02 Chinese Religious Traditions 123 D1.03 Japanese Religious Traditions 124 D2.0 EASTERN RELIGIOUS GROUPS, PART II 130 D2.01 Hindu Family 130 D2.02 Jain Family 132 D2.03 Sikh Family 133 D2.04 Sant Mat Family 134 D3.0 MIDDLE-EASTERN RELIGIOUS GROUPS, PART I: JEWISH TRADITION 138 D3.01 Orthodox Judaism Family 138 D3.02 Hassidic Judaism Family 138 4 D3.03 Reform Judaism Family 139 D3.04 Conservative Judaism Family 139 D3.05 Sephardic Judaism Family 139 D3.06 Reconstructionist Judaism Family 140 D3.07 Black Judaism Family 140 D3.08 Jewish Science Family 140 D3.09 Messianic Judaism Family 141 D3.10 Emergent Jewish Communities (nondenominational) 141 D4.0 MIDDLE-EASTERN RELIGIOUS GROUPS, PART II 141 D4.01 Zoroastrian Tradition 141 D4.02 Islamic Tradition 142 D4.03 Baha’i Faith Tradition 143 D5.0 ANIMISTIC TRADITIONS 144 D5.01 Native American Religions and Nativistic Movements 144 D5.02 Afro-American Nativistic Movements 149 D5.03 Latin American Nativistic Movements 162 D5.04 Other Animistic Religions by Continent 164 D6.0 ANCIENT WISDOM TRADITION 165 D6.01 Traditional Magic Family - Paganism 165 D6.02 Ritual or Ceremonial Magic Family 166 D6.03 Military Orders and Masonic Lodges 171 D6.04 Rosaecrucian Family 174 D6.05 Neo-Pagan Family (Wicca) 177 D6.06 Satanic Family 177 D6.07 Other Occult-Magical Groups in Latin America and the Caribbean 178 D7.0 PSYCHIC-SPIRITUALIST-NEW AGE TRADITION 181 D7.01 Spiritist-Spiritualist Family 181 D7.02 Swedenborg Family 184 D7.03 Theosophical Family 185 D7.04 Liberal Catholic Family 186 D7.05 Alice Bailey Movement Family 188 D7.06 “I Am” & “Ascended Masters” Family 188 D7.07 “Flying Saucer”-UFO Family 189 D7.08 New Age Movement Family 192 D7.09 Other Psychic Groups 194 D8.0 OTHER UNCLASSIFIED NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS GROUPS 195 PART E: INTER-RELIGIOUS OR MULTI-RELIGIOUS GROUPS 196 PART F: NON-RELIGIOUS GROUPS OR POPULATION SEGMENTS 196 PART G: UNCLASSIFIED RELIGIOUS GROUPS 196 PRINCIPAL REFERENCE WORKS 200 5 Document #1: TOWARD A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN THE AMERICAS BY MAJOR TRADITIONS AND FAMILY TYPES INTRODUCTION During more than 36 years, the author has sought to gain a clearer understanding of the origin, growth and development of religious movements around the world. We have approached this study from the perspective of an evangelical missiologist ("missiology" is the study of the Christian Mission), who has attempted to understand the phenomenology of religion aided by the social sciences. Much of our research has been in the area of the sociology of religion, and we have focused largely on the Latin American and Caribbean cultural regions. One of the early results of our research was The Religious Dimension in Hispanic Los Angeles: A Protestant Case Study (Pasadena, CA: William Carey Press, 1974). This study was done while the author was a student in the School of World Mission at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California (1968-1972; M.A. in Missiology, 1974). In 1972, he moved to Costa Rica and began his missionary career with the Latin America Mission, where he served with the International Institute for In-Depth Evangelization (INDEPTH), and later as Executive Director of the Missiological Institute of the Americas (1981-1989). Between 1974 and 1981, the author coordinated a regional study of the Protestant Movement in Central America, under the auspices of PROLADES (Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos/Latin American Socio-Religious Studies Program). At that time, PROLADES was the research department of INDEPTH but this function was incorporated into IMDELA when it was founded in 1981. Part of the information from this regional study was published in 1982 by the MARC Division of World Vision International, edited by Clifton L. Holland, World Christianity: Central America and the Caribbean (Monrovia, CA). The larger body of information from this study remains unpublished: "A History of the Protestant Movement in Central America: 1780-1980" (Doctor of Missiology dissertation, School of World Mission, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1985). The original text was written in English, but we have also produced a Spanish version and updated the graphics to 1990 for both versions. Since 1980 the author has done similar research in at least 15 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as helping with research projects sponsored by other organizations. One such project was developed as a joint venture between IDEA/PROLADES and VELA (Visión Evangelizadora Latinoamericana/Latin American Evangelistic Vision) in Mexico City, under the leadership of Professor Galo Vázquez 7 (Executive Director of VELA) and Dr. Peter Larson (Director of Research for VELA and Professor of Missiology at the Lomas Verdes Baptist Seminary). VELA has published a six volume series on "Protestant Church Growth in the Mexico City Metro Area" (1987- 1997). TOWARD A TYPOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS BY FAMILY TYPES One of the tools that we developed to aid our research has been a classification system (or typology) of religious groups. Many of the basic elements of the current version of the typology were adapted from J. Gordon Melton's innovative study, Encyclopedia of American Religions (Detroit, MI: Gale Publishing Company, 1978, 2nd Edition, 2 volumes; an edition by Truimph Books, Terrytown, NY, 1991, 3 volumes; and the latest edition by Gale Research, Detroit, MI, 1996, 5 edition, 1 volume). Rather than using the traditional terminology and concepts defined by Troeltsch and his disciples derived from the "church-sect" dichotomy (see Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of Christian Churches , and the writings of Weber, Wach, Becker, Yinger, Friedman and others of the same tradition), we have opted to follow Melton and a new tradition in the sociology of religion that focuses on the nature and growth of "primary religious groups." The fathers of this new tradition are McComas, Clark, Wilson, Kopytoff, Piepkorn and Melton, with special reference to the North American religious context. The innovation made by Melton was that of identifying and defining major "families of religious groups" within each religious "tradition," according to the sociological characteristics of each "primary religious group" and its corresponding subculture or group culture.