European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Series Health Systems Health Systems Communicable Disease Health Systems and the and the Challenge of Challenge Communicable Disease of Experiences from Europe and Latin America Richard Coker, Rifat Atun and Martin McKee Rifat Atun Coker, Richard Richard Coker Rifat Atun Martin McKee Health Systems and the Challenge of Communicable Diseases Experiences from Europe and Latin America The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies is a partnership between the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, the Governments of Belgium, Finland, Greece, Norway, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden, the Veneto Region of Italy, the European Investment Bank, the Open Society Institute, the World Bank, the London School of Economics and Political Science, and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Health Systems and the Challenge of Communicable Diseases Experiences from Europe and Latin America Edited by Richard Coker, Rifat Atun & Martin McKee Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: [email protected] world wide web: www.openup.co.uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121–2289, USA First published 2008 Copyright © World Health Organization 2008 on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The views expressed by authors or editors do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policies of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies or any of its partners. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies or any of its partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of its frontiers or boundaries. Where the designation ‘country or area’ appears in the headings of tables, it covers countries, territories, cities, or areas. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. 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Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978 0 335 23366 3 (pb) 978 0 335 23365 6 (hb) ISBN-10 0 335 23366 X (pb) 0 335 23365 1 (hb) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data applied for Typeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in the UK by Bell and Bain Ltd., Glasgow Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may be used herein (in case studies or in examples) are not intended to represent any real individual, company, product or event. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Series The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies is a unique pro- ject that builds on the commitment of all its partners to improving health care systems: • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe • Government of Belgium • Government of Finland • Government of Greece • Government of Norway • Government of Slovenia • Government of Spain • Government of Sweden • Veneto Region • European Investment Bank • Open Society Institute • World Bank • London School of Economics and Political Science • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine The series The volumes in this series focus on key issues for health policy-making in Europe. Each study explores the conceptual background, outcomes and lessons learned about the development of more equitable, more efficient and more effective health systems in Europe. With this focus, the series seeks to contribute to the evolution of a more evidence- based approach to policy formulation in the health sector. These studies will be important to all those involved in formulating or evaluating national health care policies and, in particular, will be of use to health policy-makers and advisers, who are under increasing pressure to rationalize the structure and funding of their health system. Academics and students in the field of health policy will also find this series valuable in seeking to understand better the complex choices that confront the health systems of Europe. The Observatory supports and promotes evidence-based health policy-making through comprehensive and rigorous analysis of the dynamics of health care systems in Europe. Series Editors Josep Figueras is Head of the Secretariat and Research Director of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, and Head of the European Centre for Health Policy, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Martin McKee is Research Director of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies and Professor of European Public Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine as well as a co-director of the School’s European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition. Elias Mossialos is Research Director of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, and Brian Abel-Smith Reader in Health Policy, Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science and co-director of LSE Health and Social Care. Richard B. Saltman is Research Director of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, and Professor of Health Policy and Management at the Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Series Series Editors: Josep Figueras, Martin McKee, Elias Mossialos and Richard B. Saltman Published titles Primary care in the driver’s seat Richard B. Saltman, Ana Rico and Wienke Boerma (eds) Human resources for health in Europe Carl-Ardy Dubois, Martin McKee and Ellen Nolte (eds) Health policy and European Union enlargement Martin McKee, Laura MacLehose and Ellen Nolte (eds) Regulating entrepreneurial behaviour in European health care systems Richard B. Saltman, Reinhard Busse and Elias Mossialos (eds) Social health insurance systems in western Europe Richard B. Saltman, Reinhard Busse and Josep Figueras (eds) Health care in Central Asia Martin McKee, Judith Healy and Jane Falkingham (eds) Hospitals in a changing Europe Martin McKee and Judith Healy (eds) Funding health care: options for Europe Elias Mossialos, Anna Dixon, Josep Figueras and Joe Kutzin (eds) Regulating Pharmaceuticals in Europe: striving for efficiency, equity and quality Elias Mossialos, Monique Mrazek and Tom Walley (eds) Purchasing to improve health systems performance Joseph Figueras, Ray Robinson and Elke Jakubowski (eds) Decentralization in Health Care Richard B. Saltman, Vaida Bankauskaite and Karsten Vrangbæk (eds) Contents List of tables ix List of figures xi List of boxes xiii List of abbreviations xv List of contributors xix Foreword xxiii one Contemporary emerging and re-emerging communicable diseases: challenges to control 1 Richard Coker, Rifat Atun, Martin McKee two The changing face of transitional societies 21 Martin McKee, Jane Falkingham three Effective governmental responses to communicable disease challenges in transitional societies 47 Kelley Lee, John Wyn Owen four A continuing evolutionary struggle: microbes and man 61 Anthony McMichael five Communicable disease in Europe 75 Shazia Karmali, Andrew Amato-Gauci, Andrea Ammon, Martin McKee viii Contents six Communicable disease in Latin America and the Caribbean 95 Oscar Echeverri, Patricio Marquez, Enis Baris seven Health systems and systems thinking 121 Rifat Atun, Nata Menabde eight International and European responses to the threat of communicable disease 141 Ralph Reintjes nine HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis control in post-Soviet Union countries 154 Nina Schwalbe, Jeffrey Lazarus, Olusoji Adeyi ten Enabling health systems in tuberculosis control: challenges and opportunities for the former Soviet Union countries 171 Andrei Mosneaga, Elena Yurasova, Richard Zaleskis, Wieslaw Jakubowiak eleven Health systems and communicable disease control: emerging evidence and lessons from central and eastern Europe 193 Rifat Atun, Richard Coker twelve Health system reforms and communicable disease in