Chairperson : Prof Madhurima Verma Coordinator : Prof Madhurima Verma Course Leader : Prof Madhurima Verma M.A SOCIOLOGY SEMESTER –IV PAPER - O 644, ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS Introductory Letter (i) Syllabus (ii) L. No Title Author Page No. 1. Environmental and Development Prof. Madhurima 1 2. Environment and Society Prof. Madhurima 10 3. Problems and Environmental Consequences Prof. Madhurima 21 4. Environmental Problems in India – Extent, Prof. Madhurima 33 Causes and Solutions 5. Environmental Policy in India Prof. Madhurima 52 6. Role of Voluntary Organizations in Dr. Manoj Kumar 63 Environmental Protection 7. The Chipko Movement Dr. Manoj Kumar 76 8 Narmada Valley and Tehri Dam & Dr. Manoj Kumar 86 Doon Valley 9. Sukhomajri Experiment Dr. Manoj Kumar 96 10. Ecofeminism Prof. Madhurima 107 11. Public Interest Litigation and Judicial Activism Dr. Manoj Kumar 123 12. Sustainable Development: Towards a Sound Prof. Madhurima 133 Environmental Policy 13. Environmental Education Prof. Madhurima 145 14. Social Forestry and Afforestation Program Dr. Bindu Dogra 158 15. Biogas and Renewable Energy Program Prof. Madhurima 169 16. Efficient Water Management Program Prof. Madhurima 183 17. Use of Appropriate Technology for Environment Prof. Madhurima 195 Vetter : Prof. Madhurima Email of Department : [email protected] Contact no. of Department : 0172-2534279 Class : M.A. Sociology Semester : IV Name of the Paper : Environmental Crises and Sustainable Development Paper Code/Number : SOC O 644 INTRODUCTORY NOTE Dear Student You are welcome to M.A. 4th Semester, Sociology. SOC O 644: ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is an optional paper.The paper focuses on the environment– society interface to familiarize you with the crisis of environmental degradation both at the global and national levels with special focus of on the environmental problems in India. It also highlights the role of environmental movements in ecological protection and also discusses necessary measures for environmental preservation. There are four units in the paper. Unit I familiarize you with basic concepts like Development and Environmental Degradation, Meaning of Environment and relation of Environment and Society. Unit 2 highlights Environment Situation in India. Unit 3 focuses on Environmental Movements, Role of voluntary organizations and public interest litigations. Unit 4 deals with Sound Environmental Policy with focus on Environmental Education; Social Forestry and Afforestation Program; Biogas and Renewable Energy Program; Efficient Water Management Programs. After going through study material you will have sound understanding of Environment and related issues. All the lessons have been written in a well-structured manner. Reading material has been prepared with lot of authenticity to make you grasp the basic concepts. Additionally self assessment questions in the lessons and model questions in the end help you to prepare for examination. A list of suggested readings has also been provided at the end of most of the lessons for your in-depth understanding about the subject. Like previous semesters theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment. USOL students have to submit assignment of 20 marks. Details of that will be informed to you subsequently. Duration of the paper will be 3 hours. There will be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type containing 10 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 30 to 35 words each, carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks each . Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two long questions and the candidates shall be given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit-4 in all. Each question will carry 15 marks. Detailed syllabus is attached for your ready reference. In case you have any doubts you can reach us through email. (Prof. Madhurima) Course leader [email protected] Course Outline Unit-I Development and Environmental Degradation: Meaning of Environment; Environment and Society; Problems and Environmental Consequences Unit-II Environment Situation in India: Environmental Problems in India – Extent, Causes and Solutions; Environmental Policy in India. Unit-III Environmental Movements: Role of voluntary organizations and popular participation in environmental protection and preservation; The Chipko Movement, Movements against Narmada Valley and Tehri Dam projects, Sukhomajri Experiment, Protest against Mining in Doon Valley; Ecofeminism; Public Interest Litigation (PIL) and Judicial Activism. Unit-IV Sustainable Development: Towards a Sound Environmental Policy; Environmental Education; Social Forestry and Afforestation Program; Biogas and Renewable Energy Program; Efficient Water Management Programs; Use of Appropriate Technology. Suggested Readings 1. Deoria, R.S. et al. (1990) Man, Development and Environment. N. Delhi: Ashish Publications. 2. Katyal, J and M. Satake (1989) Environmental Pollution. New Delhi: Anmol Pub. 3. Khoshoo, T.N. (1986) Environmental Priorities in India and Sustainable Development. New Delhi: Indian Science Congress Association. 4. Mahesh, K and B. Bhattacharya (eds.), (1999) Judging the Judges. N. Delhi: Gyan Publications. 5. Mehta, Rani (2014), Sociology and Environmental Sustainability: A Study of Fragile Ecology, Health Risks and Population Pangs, Jaipur, Rawat Publications. 6. Raza, Mehdi (ed.), (1992) Development and Ecology. Jaipur: Rawat. 7. Rasure, K.A. (2007) , Environment and Sustainable Development , New Delhi, Serial Publications, VOL. I,II,III. 8. Spaargaren G. et al (2000) (ed.), Environment and Global Modernity, New Delhi, Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. 9. Singh,R.B. (2002) (ed.) Human Dimensions of Sustainable Development, New Delhi, Rawat Publications. 10. Sharma, S.L. (1993) “Managing Environmental Crisis – Regulatory vis-à-vis Participatory Approach” in J.L. Rastogi and Bidhi Chand (eds.) Management and Business Education. Jaipur: Rawat Publications. 11. Shiva, Vandana, (1988) Staying Alive – Women, Ecology and Survival in India. New Delhi: Kali for Women. 12. Singh, Gian (1991) Environmental Deterioration in India – Causes and Control. New Delhi: Agricole. 13. Tewari, K.M. (1989) Social Forestry in India. Dehradun: Natraj Publishers. 14. Wilson, D. (ed.) (1984) The Environmental Crisis, London: Hinemann. Additional Readings 1. Bandhu, Desh (ed.), (1981) Environmental Management, Dehradun, Natraj Publishers. 2. Bandhu, Desh and N.L. Ramanathan (eds.) (1982) Education For Environmental Planning and Conservation, Dehradun, Natraj Publishers. 3. Bharadwaj, H.R. (1997) Lawyers and Judges, New Delhi, Konark Pub. 4. Chaudhary, Jayasri R.( 2001). An Introduction to Development and Regional Planning, New Delhi, Orient Longman. 5. Ehrlich, P. R. et al., (1973) Human Ecology- Problems and Solutions, San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co. 6. Kothari, Ashish et al. (eds.), (1998) Communities and Conservation, New Delhi, Sage Publications. 7. Mehta, Rani (2011) “Sustainable Development in Mauritius: Issues and Implications,” New Delhi, Contributions to Indian Social Science, IASSI, Vol. 30, No. 2, April-June. 8. Pawar, S.N. and R.B. Patil (eds.) (1998) Sociology of Environment, Jaipur, Rawat Publications 9. Sheth, Pravin (1997) Environmentalism – Politics, Ecology and Development, Jaipur, Rawat Publications 1 Lesson- 1 Environment and Development Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning of Environment 1.3 Components of Environment 1.4 Notion of Development 1.5 Environment & Development 1.6 Facts and Figures on Environment 1.7 Ecosystem services are essential to safeguard livelihoods 1.8 Environmental Degradation affects the poor most 1.9 Relation between environment and development 1.10 International Conventions 1.11 Summary 1.12 References 1.13 Further readings 1.14 Model question 1.0 Objectives After reading this lesson you will be able to explain the meaning of Environment define the term Development discuss the relationship between environment & development 1.1 Introduction In this lesson an attempt has been made to explain how development in society results in environment degradation. The problems with environmental degradation are often linked with process of development and therefore have effects on local, regional, as well as global levels. These effects which are the result of human activities have devastating consequences on the environment and so are harmful on human beings, animals and plants and can be passed on to future generations. There are many problems, challenges and opportunities associated with living in the environment today. The earth and its treasure base, is experiencing a siege from all aspects of human endeavours ranging from misuse, abuse and degradation of the environment. Consumerism and keen desire for progressive improvement leads to environmental degradation. 1.2 Meaning of Environment The word Environment is derived from the French word “Environ” which means “surrounding”. Our surrounding includes biotic factors like human beings, Plants, animals, microbes, etc and abiotic factors such as light, air, water, soil, etc.Environment is a complex of many variables, which surrounds man as well as the living organisms. Environment includes water, air and land and the interrelation ships which exist among and between water, air and land and human beings and other living creatures such as plants, animals and micro organisms. The natural environment consist