THE COST OF ICE’S POLICIES AND PRACTICES Evelyn Griggs Brian Schaeffer University of North Carolina School of Law Immigration and Human Rights Policy Clinic University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill May 2009 Deborah M. Weissman Reef C. Ivey II Distinguished Professor of Law Director of Clinical Programs 1 Immigration & Human rights Policy Clinic University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Document Design: Rebecca Rodriguez 2 THE COST OF ICE’S POLICIES AND PRACTICES May 2009 Immigration and Human Rights Policy Clinic The University of North Carolina School of Law Submitted by: Evelyn Griggs Brian Schaeffer University of North Carolina School of Law Immigration/Human Rights Policy Clinic Students Deborah M. Weissman Reef C. Ivey II Distinguished Professor of Law Director of Clinical Programs www.law.unc.edu/documents/clinicalprograms/thecostoficespoliciesandpractices.pdf 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... 7 Statement of Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 15 History of Immigration Enforcement ................................................................................................ 19 A. Immigration Enforcement Prior to 1996 .............................................................................................. 19 1. Immigration Enforcement Post 1996 ......................................................................... 20 i. AEDPA ......................................................................................................................... 20 ii. IIRAIRA ............................................................................................................. 21 2. Immigration Enforcement Post 9/11 ........................................................................... 22 i. Patriot Act ........................................................................................................ 22 ii. HSPD 2 .............................................................................................................. 23 iii. HSA .................................................................................................................. 26 iv. ICE ................................................................................................................... 27 3. ICE’s Current Methods of Immigration Enforcement ............................................... 30 i. ICE’s Official Policies ................................................................................................ 30 ii. ICE’s Actual Policy Implementation – Attack Easy Targets ........................... 31 B. Conlusion ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Worksite Raids ........................................................................................................................................ 34 A. Human Rights Violations .............................................................................................................. 34 1. The “Paramilitary Style” of Worksite Investigation .................................................. 34 2. Disregard of Caregiving Status for Those Arrested .................................................. 35 3. Transporation to Faraway Detention Centers ........................................................... 36 4. Refusal to Give Bond Hearings to Many of Those Arrested ..................................... 36 5. Refusal to Disclose Whereabouts of Detainees in a Timely Fashion ........................ 36 6. Inadequate Provision of Counsel ............................................................................... 37 7. Inadequate Translation of Court Proceedings .......................................................... 38 8. Overzealous Criminal Prosecutions ........................................................................... 38 4 9. Fast‐Tracked Prosecutions ......................................................................................... 38 B. Case Studies ................................................................................................................................... 39 1. New Bedford and Aguilar ........................................................................................... 39 2. Postville ....................................................................................................................... 42 C. Costs ............................................................................................................................................ 43 1. Financial Costs ............................................................................................................. 43 2. Other Costs .................................................................................................................. 45 Home Raids .............................................................................................................................................. 46 A. Human Rights Violations .............................................................................................................. 46 B. Case Studies ................................................................................................................................... 48 1. Arias ............................................................................................................................. 48 2. Mancha ........................................................................................................................ 49 3. Soto .............................................................................................................................. 50 C. Costs ............................................................................................................................................ 51 1. Stepped Up Future Litigation ..................................................................................... 51 2. Multiple Defendants Increase Defense Costs ........................................................... 53 3. Multiple Plaintiffs Increase the Likelihood of Fragmented Cases ............................ 54 4. Conclusion: Other Costs ............................................................................................. 55 Local Law Enforcement ......................................................................................................................... 56 A. 287(G) ............................................................................................................................................ 56 B. ICE Access ...................................................................................................................................... 57 C. Human Rights Violations .............................................................................................................. 59 1. Racial Profiling ............................................................................................................. 59 2. Due Process ................................................................................................................. 60 3. Case Study: Juana Villegas de la Paz .......................................................................... 62 4. Costs ............................................................................................................................ 65 i. Effect on Communities .................................................................................... 65 ii. Increase in Litigation ....................................................................................... 66 a. Juana Villegas de la Paz ..................................................................... 67 b. Pedro Guzman ................................................................................... 68 5 c. Casa de Maryland, Inc. ....................................................................... 71 d. Manuel de Jesus Ortega, et al. .......................................................... 73 D. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 75 Detention .................................................................................................................................................. 76 A. Human Rights Violations .............................................................................................................. 77 1. Inhumane Conditions .................................................................................................. 77 2. Overcrowding ............................................................................................................. 78 3. Insufficient Healthcare ............................................................................................... 79 4. Indefinate Stays .......................................................................................................... 82 5. Transfers of Detainess ................................................................................................ 84 B. Case Study: Hiu Lui Ng ................................................................................................................... 86 C. Costs .............................................................................................................................................