Sustainable Management of Protected Areas to Combat Climate Change Dr. Khawja Shamsul Huda Environment and Climate Change Programme Impact of Climate Change: Temperature Rankng Year 1. (Hottest) 2005 2. 1998 3. 2002 4. 2003 5. 2006 6. 2007 7. 2004 8. 2001 9. 2008 10 1997 Deaths from Cyclones since 1584 Sl. No. Year of Occurrence of Number of Deaths Cyclone 1. 1584 200,000 2. 1822 40,000 3. 1876 100,000 4. 1897 175,000 5. 1912 40,000 6. 1919 40,000 7. 1941 7500, 8. 1960 5149 9. 1961 11,468 10. 1963 11,520 11. 1965 19,279 12 1965 12,000 13 1970 500,000 14. 1985 11,069 15. 1988 5,708 16. 1991 138,000 17. 2007 4,407 including 1,001 missing) 18. 2008 Damage Due to Floods Sl. Year of Area Proportion Cost of No. Occurrence Inundated of Total Area Damage (Sq.km.) (In million Taka) 1. 1954 36,920 25% 1,200 2. 1955 50,700 34 1,290 3. 1956 35,620 24 900 4. 1962 37,440 25 560 5. 1963 43,180 29 580 6. 1968 37,300 25 1160 7. 1970 42,640 28 1,100 8. 1971 36,474 24 N/A 9. 1974 52,720 35 28,490 10. 1984 38,314 19 4,500 11. 1987 57,491 38 35,000 12. 1988 89,970 62 >100,000 13. 1998 >100,000 74 >120,000 14. 2004 >58,000 >40 >200,000 All these natural disasters are occurring due to Climate Change. These events are likely to occrur more frequently with greater intensity in the future…..We cannot stop these events but can create impact by reducing emission, deforestation and forest degradation and sustainable management of the forest. Importance of Forest Conservation It is estimated that greenhouse gas emitted from deforestation and forest degradation account for roughly 20% of the total annual green house gas emitted by entire global transport sector Status of Forest Cover in Bangladesh Category of Forests Area (million (%) hectare) Forest Department 1.52 10.30 Managed Forests Unclassed State Forest 0.73 4.95 Village Forest 0.27 1.83 Total 2.52 17.08 Area Distribution of Various Land use category Land Use Category Area ( million hectare) Percent Agriculture 9.57 64.9 State Forest Classified 1.52 10.3 Unclassified 0.73 5 Private Forest Homestead 0.27 1.8 Tea/Rubber Garden 0.07 0.5 Urban 1.16 7.9 Water 0.94 6.4 Other 0.49 3.2 Total 14.75 100 Area (million Types of Forest Percentage hectare) Natural Mangrove Forest 0.60 4.07 Mangrove Plantation 0.13 0.88 Tropical Evergreen and Semi- 0.67 4.54 Evergreen Forest Tropical Moist Deciduous 0.12 0.81 Forest Total 1.52 10.30 Classified Forests under Forest Department: Reserve Forests Versus Protected Forest Reserve Forest: A reserved forest is a one where the species are protected in their natural habitat... and no human interference is allowed..... any kind of human activity is strictly prohibited. Protected Forest : An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means (IUCN, 1994) **Protected Area Covers 10.72% of Total Forest Area List of Protected Forests in Bangladesh A) National Park : Sl. No. National Parks Location Area (ha.) Established 1 Bhawal National Park Gazipur 5022.00 11-5-1982 2 Modhupur National Park Tangail/ Mymensingh 8436.00 24-2-1982 3 Ramsagar National Park Dinajpur 27.75 30-4-2001 4 Himchari National Park Cox's Bazar 1729.00 15-2-1980 5 Lawachara National Park Moulavibazar 1250.00 7-7-1996 6 Kaptai National Park Chittagong Hill Tracts 5464.00 9-9-1999 7 Nijhum Dweep National Park Noakhali 16352.23 8-4-2001 Medha Kachhapia National 8 Park Cox's Bazar 395.92 8-8-2008 9 Satchari National Park Habigonj 242.91 15-10-2005 10 Khadim Nagar National Park Sylhet 678.80 13-04-2006 11 Baraiyadhala National Park Chittagong 2933.61 06-04-2010 12 Kuakata National Park Patuakhali 1613.00 24-10-2010 13 Nababgonj National Park Dinajpur 517.61 24-10-2010 14 Shingra National Park Dinajpur 305.69 24-10-2010 15 Kadigarh National Park Mymensingh 344.13 24-10-2010 16 Altadighi National Park Naogaon 264.12 24-12-2011 17 Birgonj National Park Dinajpur 168.56 24-12-2011 Â Sub-Total 45,745.33 B) Wildlife Sanctuaries : Sl. No. Wildlife Sanctuaries Location Area (ha.) Established 18 Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Hobigonj 1795.54 7-7-1996 19 Char Kukri-Mukri Wildlife Bhola 40.00 19-12-1981 20 Sundarban (East) Wildlife Bagerhat 31226.94 6-4-1996 21 Sundarban (West) Wildlife Satkhira 71502.10 6-4-1996 22 Sundarban (South) Wildlife Khulna 36970.45 6-4-1996 Chittagong Hill 23 Pablakhali Wildlife Tracts 42087.00 20-9-1983 24 Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary Chittagong 7763.97 18-3-1986 25 Fashiakhali Wildlife Sanctuary Cox's Bazar 1302.43 11-4-2007 Dudh Pukuria-Dhopachari Wildlife 26 Sanctuary Chittagong 4716.57 6-4-2010 27 Hazarikhil Wildlife Chittagong 1177.53 6-4-2010 28 Sangu Wildlife Sanctuary Bandarban 2331.98 6-4-2010 29 Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary Cox's Bazar 11615.00 24-03-2010 30 Tengragiri Wildlife Barguna 4048.58 24-10-2010 31 Dudhmukhi Wildlife Bagerhat 170.00 29-01-2012 32 Chadpai Wildlife Sanctuary Bagerhat 560.00 29-01-2012 33 Dhangmari Wildlife Bagerhat 340.00 29-01-2012 34 Sonarchar Wildlife Patuakhali 2026.48 24-12-2011 Â Sub-Total 2,24,833.55 Â Grand-Total 2,70,478.88 Trees sequester and Relationship between Human stock carbon dioxide beings and Forests from the atmosphere and take oxygen. Oxygen Human being and other animals exhale carbon dioxide and survive through inhaling oxygen that trees release. This Carbon symbiotic relationship dioxide determines one’s existence on the other. Furthermore, forests provide food, fodder, fuel, medicine and livelihoods for millions of people. Importance of Forest Conservation It is estimated that greenhouse gas emitted from deforestation and forest degradation account for roughly 20% of the total annual green house gas emitted by entire global transport sector Importance of Forest Conservation Over one billion people rely heavily on forest for their livelihood Hundreds of millions rely for medicines from plants harvsted from forests More than two billion , a third of world’s population, use bio-mass fuel for cooking and heating their homes. A large proportion of community people meet their protein needs from the forest through hunting and fishing. Picture of taking fuel wood This is How Forests are Degraded A Sustainable Model for Conservation of Protected Areas Collaborative Management of Protected Areas Two-tier Structure with people drawn from various strata of the society who have stake with the Forest and those who are related to power structure and enforcement of law A Co-Management Council consisting of 35 members Co-Management Committee consisting of 29 members elected democratically by the members of the Council from amongst them. Structure of the Co-management Council Advisers- 03 1. Member of the Parliament 2. Upazila Chairman 3. Divisional Forest Officer Members Local Elite – 05 (Teacher, Doctor, Social Worker, Journalist, Freedom Fighter, Religious Leader) Local Govt. Admin. and Govt.- 16 ( UNO, ACF ,RO, BO, Police, BGB, UP ) Local Stakeholders -39 ( Forest Resource User, Indigenous People, Forest Conservation Club, Patrolling Group, Federation ) Govt. Service Provider-05 ( Agriculture Extension, Fisheries, Environment, Youth, Social Welfare ) Members of the Co-management Committee Adviser- 02 1. Divisional Forest Officer 2. Upazila Nirbahi Officer Members Assistant Conservator of Forest - 01 Range Officer- 01 (Member Secretary) Local Govt. -02 Local Elite -02 Federation - 06 Forest Conservation Club-02 Forest Resource User Representative-01 Representative of Indigenous Community - 02 Representative of Patrolling Group- 03 Representative of Law Enforcing Authority- 02 Representative of Govt. Institution - 01 Beat Officer/ Station Officer- Maximum 05 Nearest Range Officer- 01 Protection Mechanism Patrolling Group Members of the patrolling group are drawn from the members of the Co-management Council selected by the Co-management Committee on certain agreed principles. These are people who have direct stake with the forest and are given incentive in the form of support for income generation (in kind). No of members vary but usually consist of 21 to 42 members Incentive for the Community Income from Eco-tourism Gate money collection from the visiting tourists. Proportion (50%) of the money collected is spent on projects or works that benefit the community people as whole. In Lawachara National Park the income was --------- in -----and the share of the community was --------. .