Shaping the Image of Enemy-Infidel in the Relations of Eyewitnesses and Participants of the First Crusade : The Case of Muslims Tomasz Pelech To cite this version: Tomasz Pelech. Shaping the Image of Enemy-Infidel in the Relations of Eyewitnesses and Participants of the First Crusade : The Case of Muslims. Archaeology and Prehistory. Université Clermont Auvergne; Uniwersytet Wroclawski, 2020. English. NNT : 2020CLFAL002. tel-03143783 HAL Id: tel-03143783 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03143783 Submitted on 17 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIWERSYTET WROCŁAWSKI WYDZIAŁ NAUK HISTORYCZNYCH I PEDAGOGICZNYCH INSTYTUT HISTORYCZNY / UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT–AUVERGNE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES LETTRES, SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SOCIALES (ED 370) CENTRE D’HISTOIRE «ESPACES ET CULTURES» PRACA DOKTORSKA/THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Shaping the Image of Enemy-Infidel in the Relations of Eyewitnesses and Participants of the First Crusade: The Case of Muslims NAPISANA POD KIERUNKIEM/SOUS LA DIRECTION DES: Promotorzy/Directeurs: Prof. dr hab. Stanisław Rosik (Université de Wrocław) Prof. dr hab. Jean-Luc Fray (Université Clermont-Auvergne) Kopromotor/Cotuteur: Dr hab. Damien Carraz (Université Clermont-Auvergne) SKŁAD KOMISJI/MEMBRES DU JURY: Prof. dr hab. Jerzy Strzelczyk (Université Adam-Mickiewicz de Poznań) Prof. dr hab. John Victor Tolan (Université de Nantes) Dr hab. prof. UWr Wojciech Mrozowicz (Université de Wrocław) Dr Abbès Zouache (CNRS, CIHAM-UMR 5648, Lyon; CEFAS, Koweit) DATA OBRONY/DATE DE LA SOUTENANCE: 2 / 12 / 2020 WROCŁAW – CLERMONT-FERRAND 2020 1 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations..........................................................................................................................7 Introduction........................................................................................................................................9 I. The image of Muslims as an „other” as a problem in scientific reflection (state of research and methodological basis of the study) 1. Selected methodological approaches concerning the image of the Muslims in the Latin cultural circle in the Middle Ages....................................................................................................................12 2. Methodology and theorethical thought of the work.......................................................................23 II. The Image of the Enemy-Infidel in the Gesta Francorum and Peter Tudebode’s Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere 1. Introduction: Gesta Francorum and Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere – the authors and theirs works 1.1.Date of origin of the sources.............................................................................................30 1.1.1. Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum..........................................30 1.1.2. Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere.................................................................34 1.2. The relationship between Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum and Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere...................................................................................................36 1.3. Authorship of the accounts..............................................................................................39 1.3.1. Anonymous or not, author or authors of the Gesta Francorum........................39 1.3.2. Author of the Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere...........................................44 1.4. The language of the sources and intellectual background...............................................46 1.5. Structure of the accounts.................................................................................................50 2. The Image of the Enemy-Infidel in the Gesta Francorum and Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere 2.1. The recall to the Urban II’s sermon at Clermont in the Gesta Francorum and Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere.................................................................................................................52 2.2. Imitatio Caroli Magni......................................................................................................57 2.3. Representation of the enemy: Turks as barbarians, enemy of God, excommunicated race, pagans and unbelievers..............................................................................................................59 2.3.1. Turks as barbarians...........................................................................................60 2.3.2. Enemy of God and Holy Christianity................................................................61 2 2.3.3. Diabolical references........................................................................................66 2.3.4. The race of excommunicates............................................................................67 2.3.5. Pagans, unbelievers and tyrants........................................................................69 2.4. Representation of the military struggles against the enemy............................................77 2.4.1. The catalogue of the enemy..............................................................................77 2.4.2. Huge number of enemy’s forces.......................................................................89 2.4.3. The leaders of the enemy..................................................................................93 2.4.3.1. Kilij Arslan.........................................................................................93 2.4.3.2. Yaghi Siyan........................................................................................95 2.4.3.3. Shams ad-Daula.................................................................................99 2.4.3.4. Kurbugha..........................................................................................100 2.4.3.5. Al-Afdal...........................................................................................110 2.4.3.6. Ahmad ibn Merwan..........................................................................113 2.4.3.7. Other enemy’s rulers........................................................................114 2.4.4. Turkish conduct of war....................................................................................115 2.4.4.1. Fear of the Turks..............................................................................115 2.4.4.2. In praise of the enemy’s military valour...........................................119 2.4.4.3. Turkish bow and arrows...................................................................122 2.4.4.4. The forces of Agulans......................................................................124 2.4.4.5. The enemy’s wiliness.......................................................................125 2.4.5. Literary framework of the battles in Gesta Francorum and Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere....................................................................................................................127 2.4.5.1. Peasants’ Crusade.............................................................................127 2.4.5.1.1. The defeat at Xerigordon..................................................128 2.4.5.1.2. The massacre in Civetot – the priest’s death on the altar...................................................................................................................................................131 2.4.5.2. Battles of Princes’ Crusade..............................................................135 2.4.5.2.1. Battle against the Turkish succour of Nicaea....................135 2.4.5.2.2. Battle of Dorylaeum..........................................................137 2.4.5.2.3. Battle against Kurbugha....................................................138 2.4.5.2.4. The siege of Ma’arat an-Numan.......................................149 2.4.5.2.5. The siege of Jerusalem......................................................151 2.4.5.2.6. Battle of Ascalon...............................................................155 2.5. Representation of the world of the enemy.....................................................................158 3 2.5.1. Terra Sarracenorum........................................................................................158 2.5.2. Central points – caput totius Romaniae and caput totius Syriae....................161 2.5.3. Khorasan.........................................................................................................163 2.5.4. Model of conversion: the Raymond Pilet’s expedition and the abrenuntiatio diaboli in Albara...............................................................................................................................165 2.5.5. Religion of the enemy.....................................................................................169 3. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................173 III. The image of the Enemy-Infidel in the Raymond of Aguilers’