CS 5323 Asymmetric Cryptography Prof. Ravi Sandhu Executive Director and Endowed Chair Lecture 3 [email protected] www.profsandhu.com © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 1 Asymmetric Encryption © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 2 Public-Key Encryption INSECURE CHANNEL Plain- Ciphertext Plain- text text Encryption Decryption Algorithm E Algorithm D A B B's Public Key B's Private Key SECURE CHANNEL Confidentiality Integrity © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 3 Symmetric-Key Encryption INSECURE CHANNEL Plain- Plain- Ciphertext text text Encryption Decryption Algorithm E Algorithm D A B Symmetric Key K K shared by A and B SECURE CHANNEL Confidentiality Integrity © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 4 Public-Key Encryption reduces the key distribution problem to a secure channel for authentic communication of public keys requires authentic dissemination of 1 public key/party scales well for large-scale systems with N parties we need to generate and distribute N public keys © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 5 Known Public-Key Attack confidentiality based on infeasibility of computing B's private key from B's public key key sizes are large (2048 bits and above) to make this computation infeasible © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 6 Speed public key runs 1000 times slower than symmetric key think 2g versus 4g on smartphone This large difference in speed is likely to remain Maybe reduce to 100 times Use public keys to distribute symmetric keys, use symmetric keys to protect data © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 7 RSA Cryptosystem public key is (n,e) private key is d encrypt: C = M mod n decrypt: M = C mod n X Not covered in lecture © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 8 RSA Cryptosystem public key is (n,e) private key is d encrypt: C = M mod n decrypt: M = C mod n This naive use of RSA is X not secure but will Not covered suffice for our purposes in lecture © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 9 RSA Key Generation choose 2 large prime numbers p and q compute n = p * q pick e relatively prime to (p-1)*(q-1) compute d, e*d = 1 mod (p-1)*(q-1) publish (n,e) keep d private (and discard p, q) X Not covered in lecture © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 10 RSA Key Protection compute d, e*d = 1 mod (p-1)*(q-1) if factorization of n into p*q is known, this is easy to do security of RSA is no better than the difficulty of factoring n into p, q X Not covered in lecture © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 11 Asymmetric Digital Signatures © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 12 Public-Key Digital Signature INSECURE CHANNEL Plain- Plaintext + Signature Yes/No text Signature Verification Algorithm S Algorithm V A B A's Private Key A's Public Key SECURE CHANNEL Confidentiality Integrity © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 13 Compare Public-Key Encryption INSECURE CHANNEL Plain- Ciphertext Plain- text text Encryption Decryption Algorithm E Algorithm D A B B's Public Key B's Private Key SECURE CHANNEL Confidentiality Integrity © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 14 Compare Symmetric Key MAC INSECURE CHANNEL Plain- Plaintext + MAC Yes/No text MAC Verification Algorithm M Algorithm V A B K K SECURE CHANNEL Confidentiality Integrity © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 15 Digital Signatures in RSA RSA has a unique property, not shared by other public key systems Encryption and decryption commute (M mod n) mod n = M encryption (M mod n) mod n = M signature Same public key can be use for encryption and signature But not recommended X Not covered in lecture © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 16 Message Digest © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 17 Encryption Speed Revisited public key runs 1000 times slower than symmetric key think 2g versus 4g on smartphone This large difference in speed is likely to remain Maybe reduce to 100 times Use public keys to distribute symmetric keys, use symmetric keys to protect data © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 18 Digital Signature Speed public key runs 1000 times slower than symmetric key think 2g versus 4g on smartphone This large difference in speed is likely to remain Maybe reduce to 100 times Sign the message digest (or hash) not the message © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 19 Message Digest (Hash) M=H-1(m) original message no practical limit to size M message digest algorithm H message digest easy 256 bit hard m m=H(M) © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 20 Desired Characteristics weak hash function difficult to find M' such that H(M')=H(M) given M, m=H(M) try messages at random to find M’ with H(M’)=m 2k trials on average, k=128 to be safe © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 21 Desired Characteristics strong hash function difficult to find any two M and M' such that H(M')=H(M) try pairs of messages at random to find M and M’ such that H(M’)=H(M) 2k/2 trials on average, k=256 to be safe Birthday paradox © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 22 Message Authentication Code Symmetric Encryption Message-Digest Based Based CBC-MAC HMAC MAC has same size as Hash the message block size of underlying cryptosystem and a symmetric key CCM mode MAC has same size as Provides confidentiality and integrity underlying hash function or can truncate Revisiting after discussing message digests © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 23 Asymmetric Key Exchange © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 24 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement xA xB yA=a mod p yB=a mod p A public key public key B private key private key xA xB xA xB xA*xB k = yB mod p = yA mod p = a mod p system constants: p: prime number, a: integer X Not covered in lecture © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 25 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement security depends on difficulty of computing x given y=ax mod p called the discrete logarithm problem X Not covered in lecture © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 26 Diffie-Hellman Man-in-the-Middle Attack A C B Public keys need to be X authenticated Not covered in lecture © Ravi Sandhu World-Leading Research with Real-World Impact! 27.