UNCLASSIFIED Security Classification ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corpora:. au:hor) U.REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE UNCLASSIFIED Headquarters United States Air Force 26. GROUP Washington, D.C. 20330 ~ DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (l'YP8 Of**PLWt md Inelualv8 &lea) Final Report AU TnORISl (Flre? nmme. mlddle lnltlel, lam: name) REPORTDATE 7.. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES 7b. NO. OF REPI August 1972 123 33 B. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. M. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBERISI b. PROJECT NO. Not Applicable Ob. OTHER REPORT NOIS1 (Any 0tk.r nrab8ra that Iruy b8 .adm.d Not Applicable thl. Nporl) 1. Not Applicable >. OISTRIRUTION STATEMENT Statement No. 1 - Distribution of this document is unlimited. I. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY Aeronautical Systems Division NOT APPLICABLE Air Force Systems Command This report contains the results of a joint DoD-NASA-DOT study of U.S. aeronautical progress since 1925. This study - R&D Contributions to Aviation Progress (RADCAP) - reviews the positive contributions of military aeronautical research and development programs to civil aviation, and assesses some possible future contributions of those military programs. This Summary Report consists of a summary of detailed results concerned with (1) a review of the progress that has been made in aviation since 1925 and the significant technological advances that have been made, (2) an examination of current and planned military aeronautical "research and technology" programs and an assessment of their relevancy to the aeronautical R&D needs of civil aviation, (3) the relationship of the development base generated by military programs to the needs of civil airliner design, development and production, (4) information on aeronautical R&D funding, and (5) the findings and observations of the RADCAP Study. * UNCLASSIFIED Security Classification JOINT DoD- NASA-DOT STUDY R & D CONTRIBUTIONS TO AVIATION PROGRESS [RADCAP] SUMMARY REPORT AUGUST 1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECT I ON -PAGE I luttrroduction ........................................ 1-1 I1 swmna/rlj ......................................... 0.0 0 11-1 I I I TechnologM Advanced .. .. .. .. I I I- 1 Ammican AvWon in 1925 ......................... 111-2 Antmican AvMon - 1925-1940 ..................... 111-3 AmetLican Avia.tion - 1947-1950 ..................... 111-12 Amhcan AvWon - 1951-1960 ..................... 111-20 Ammican AvUn- 1961-1972 ..................... 111-29 Technological Advance Review ...................... 111-37 IV Rcumch and Technology Relevancy ................... IV-1 Civil Aviation R6V Ned .......................... IV-1 hWLtu,ty Ruemch and Technology Phogmnb Relevant to Civa AvUon RBD kx.db ..... IV-3 A6hebbmen-t 04 Relevancy 04 hLXLtaty Amonautid Ruu~~chand Technology Ptogmmh to Civil Av-iaZlon R6V Ne& .. .. ..... ... IV-18 v Vevd.o)3men;tBabe ReXevancy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. V-1 ovmview ............................................... v-1 i TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont 'd) SECT I ON -PAGE v I Amondd REV Funding ......................... VI-1 Aghonuu2i.d R€V Funding by Some ............. VI-2 Govanment Amonixukal' RSV Funding by Type 06 R8V .................................... VI-4 Comphm%ue Thends ............................. ~1-11 Aihcha&t Veveeopent s;tahts .................... VI-12 VI I ObbehvaJtiaa6 and Findings ........................ VI 1- 1 ii LIST OF TABLES .TABLE .PPGE 1 SignL&bxnt Technodogid Advanced . 1925-1940 ..... 111-11 2 SignLd.icant TechnotogLC& Advanced . 1941-1950 ..... 111-20 3 Cctrnrnetciat Engivre VdvaGves 04 ucecbty Engine Uev&~ents ....................................... 111-24 4 si&ni&hmt Technological Advanced . 1951-1960 ..... 111-29 5 Signid....ita nt Technological Advanced . 1961-1972 ..... 111-37 6 Rctte 06 Technol0gh.t Advances ..................... 111-38 7 SpondotLbhip 06 Technobgid Advances .............. 111-38 8 AveRage The Lag to Llbe ............................ 111-39 9 Relevancy Aha e64rncn.t ............................... IV- 19 10 Development Rd!evancy/CLvLt Ttranbporr;t Avidon ..... V-22 11 Pevcbpment Re€evancy/CLv.iX Ttranspo~~tAvaon ..... V-23 iii LIST OF FIGURES PAGE . F I GURE . 1 Speed The& Ob ALkcILabt ......................... 111-40 2 A Po~XuhAedASST Vevdopent Schedule............ V-18 3 M&mg Vevbpment CaWbcLtiarts .to Coma& AhLineRb ........................................ V-24 4 Sowrceb 06 Aaancu~tidREV Fund4 (Then Yeah VOU)......................................... v1-3 5 Souma 06 Aehonautiu~tR€l? Fund (1973 PO-) ......................................... v1-4 6 Govame~tAaonau;tccae ' R6V FuMding (Then Ye& VO~)......................................... v1-5 7 Govehnmen-t Au~oWdRSV Funding ( 1973 VOW)......................................... v1-6 8 Souhced 06 AehoWdREV fund (Pacent 06 CNP) .......................................... v1-7 9 Thanhpotct kihchadt Deveeapeutt COhd2 ............. v1-9 10 F.i&Ctte~A&~bt V~el~~ent COA~............... v1-9 11 Civil A-na Ai~~cha&tUnLt Phice ............... v1-10 12 Summy Cornp.a..?%e The& ....................... v1-11 13 A4,iLLtmg Fixed Wing kinWdt Phaghaln6 (100. 000 Poundd and Above) ................................ v1-13 14 M,UALVLL~Fixed Wing AhX&t Pk0gM6 (25. 0@0 . 100. 000 Poundh) .................................. v1-13 iv SECTION I INTRODUCTION 4 BACKGROUND The Joint DoD-NASA-DoT Study of Research and Eevelopment Contri- butions to Aviation Progress (RADCAP) traces its origins to a report issued by the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences in January 1968. This Committee recommended that "afi ifi-depAh a;tudy dhoued be made to analyze Ahe fiMonAkip beh.ueen beneda that acme to the NaLion. (horn aviation and the level 06 amonauaXcd REV ed&MX." The Committee also suggested that the study might include 'la detaiecd analyhh 06 Ahe divmgence ob rn.iLLtmiy and civiliun amo- dcdr,ecjuimneuz;ts in chda Ao a6a~ab&m fie dimivLisking bene- &tx .to civilian ne& @om rniLia%y REV." In response to these recommendations, as well as to a report prepared by the House Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology in March 1970, a Joint DoT-NASA Civil Aviation Research and Develop- ment Policy Study, or "CARD" Study, was initiated, with the report being published in March 1971. This study placed emphasis on an examination cf civil aviation benefits to the Nation, the relationship of research and development to these benefits, the criteria for Government support of civil aviation, and the identification of R&D needs appropriate to continued advance in the future. Since the CARD Study examined military contributions only in a general sense, Mr. William hl. Magruder, Special Consultant to the President, suggested in a 9 September 1971 Memorandum to Mr. David Packard, then Deputy Secretary of Defense, that a detailed study should be conducted to show the following: first, the flow of mili- tary technology that has made the U. S. civil air transport industry dominant in the free-world; and second, the changes in military re- quirements that might indicate that this flow of technology, or per- haps the timing of this flow, may no longer be of the same nature as in prior years. The POD agreed that such a study could highlight the bonus effects of military programs and be valuable to civil aviation planning. The result was the initiation of the RADCAP review. 1-1 S TL'C Y 0B J E C T I VE S Specific objectives of the RADCAP Study were defined as follows: 0 To iderdidq the majotr technutugicd adwancu &a.t have been made in aviaa5on bibice 1925 - including bachghound, ~punbo~,una, appLicaLLan, ;timing, and t~wnak. 0 Tu bhuit' Ahe trelevancy 06 cmeray phnned and dunded Dol? aeho~'cdRED phUg&U?L5 a3 Xhe RED ne& 06 chd akaulb- pukt awhtiorz - heAmch and XechnoLugy, devdopnent, uppLLcaZiun, and Z~UKL~~CZAphUCe6b. ORGANIZATION AND DIRECTION Overall guidance and direction for the study was provided by a Steeririg Group comprised of representatives from the DoD, NASA, and the DOT. The Study Team consisted of a Working Group and nine Work- ing Group Panels. Principal participants are listed inside the back cover of this Summary Report (Volume I of the study report). The Working Group Panels accomplished the primary effort associated with RADCAP's objectives, and the detailed results are incorporated in the Appendices to this report (Volume 11). The "Appendices" listing also is included inside the back cover of this Volume. During the conduct of the study, maximum use was made of exist- ing data and documentation, as reflected in the Bibliography, and the CARD Study was used as the source for the civil aviation RGD needs that are discussed in the RADCAP report. A substantial amount of historical data was obtained from "old-timers" in the R&D community, and only the major contribut.ions and technological advances in avia- tion, as assessed by the Study Team, have been highlighted in the study report. In addition, the focus of this study was on transport aviation, rather than on the fighter, interceptor, or bomber aircraft that are purely military in nature. Finally, the RADCAP report has been kept unclassified in order to facilitate the distribution and general use of the information contained herein. INCLUSIONS ANG EXCLUSIONS As the study progressed, it quickly became clear that the mili- tary services have made, and will continue to make, many significant contributions to the progress of aviation. DoD investments in the 1-2 design, development, production, and operation of aircraft for the defense mission, and in related research and technology, have led to advances over a broad range