Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88269-9 — Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate Sara Elise Phang Index More Information Index ij The most familiar form of a proper name is given; otherwise, names are alphabetized according to nomen, thus Agricola (C. Iulius), Sulla (L. Cornelius), but Cn. Calpurnius Piso. Check dates. Page references to ancient authors refer to the main text. abandonment of arms ambitus, 160 punishment, 106, 123–5, 129, 138, 173, 262 ambushes, 261 abjection, theory of, 34 Ammianus Marcellinus, 7, 57, 62, 103, 262, 265–6, at Numantia, 271, 282 274, 281 Douglas, Mary, 34 anger see ira, furor exclusion of social inferiors, 34–5 angareia, 174–5 Kristeva, Julia, 34 Antonius Primus, 215 rejected identities, 34–5 Antony (M. Antonius) of camp followers, 272, 282 coinage of, 195 of dishonorably discharged soldiers, 146 Cleopatra and, 271 of infames, 146 decimation by, 125–6 absentes rei publicae causa, 114, 211, 234 drunkenness of, 259 acclamations, 88–9 Appian, 51, 88, 125, 214, 230 by soldiers and veterans, 88–9 Appius Claudius imperial, 24 decimation by, 125 acting, 146 L. Apronius adultery, 94, 97, 132, 137 decimation by, 116, 127 Aelian, 50–2 Apuleius, 237 Aelius Aristides, 74 arbor infelix, 117 Aemilius Macer (jurist), 135–7, 146, 176 armor, Roman, 84–6 L. Aemilius Paullus, 40, 103, 120, 157, 258 as spectacle or display, 84 M. Aemilius Scaurus, 136 parades in, 84 aggression see anger punishment for not wearing, 84 Agricola (C. Iulius), 45, 246 resembles modern uniform, 84–5 Alexander Severus (emperor, 222–35), 155 subject to discipline, 84–5 donatives of, 188 symbolism of, 105 labor of, 241 types of reads military documents, 207 caligae (boots), 84 soldiers mock, 192 cingulum (belt), 84–5, 140 Alexander the Great, 47, 157–8, 246, 259, lorica (cuirass), 85 276n173 Arrian, 39, 44, 60 Althusser, Louis, 29–30, 91 Arrius Menander (jurist), 135, 137, 139, 147, 149, 229 cultural reproduction and, 29 “auction” of empire see Didius Julianus Ideological State Apparatuses, 29–30 Aufidienus Rufus (praefectus castrorum in ad, 14), social reproduction, 29 233, 240 321 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88269-9 — Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate Sara Elise Phang Index More Information 322 index Augustus (C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus, 44–27 bc; bandits, brigands, 18, 76, 120, 154, 156, Augustus, 27 bc–ad 14), 3–4, 9, 18–19, 244 23–4, 60, 71, 87, 166 barbarians, 44, 48, 76, 79, 140, 274 adultery legislation of, 92–3, 137 barley punishment, 124–5, 127, 142, 274 aerarium militare, 163–6 baths and bathing breviarium totius imperii, 167, 207 at Bu Njem, 216, 243 coinage of, 194 luxury and, 81, 216 decorations by, 197 stealing from, 117 disciplina Augusti, 26, 211 battle. See combat, regulation of donatives by, 183 beneficia, 134, 154, 178–9, 180, 189–92 imperium of, 23 beneficiarii, 212 imposes labor, 225 body politic, 107, 282 legacies by, 183 Bourdieu, Pierre, 30–4 marriage ban, 92 benefaction, 33 mock battle staged by, 58 cultural capital, 31 personal austerity, 277 habitus, 30 punishment of soldiers improvisation, 31 decimation, 127 misrecognition, 33 demotion, 144 sens pratique, 31 disbandment, 144 symbolic violence, 31, 33, 180, 245 shaming, 141 Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Passeron rejects commilito address, 87 pedagogic work and action, 31 religion and, 90 bribery, 175–7 represents veteran, 190 Brittunculi, 44 reproves plebs, 180–1 Bu Njem (Gholaia), 243–4 routinizes conditions of service, 4, 24, 92–3, building by soldiers 163–6, 153–4 as routine training, 201, 225 severity of, 71, 76, 87 during campaigns, 245 shaming punishments by, 141 exaggerated by modern archaeologists, 225 Aulus Gellius, 63, 119 types of building Aurelian (emperor, ad 270–5), 87 aqueducts, 201, 238, 244 authority, Weberian, 7, 21–9 bridges, 201 charismatic, 22–3 canals, 99, 201, 238 bureaucratic, 22, 25, 189 rebuilding, 243 patrimonial, 13, 27–9, 189 roads, 201 traditional, 22 building of camps See castrametation auxilia, auxiliaries bureaucracy, Roman military, 202–9 pay of, 169–70 and social control, 138, 148–9, 167, 203–4, donatives and, 182 209–11 training of, 45 documents See documentation, military Avidius Cassius rationality, 167, 189, 203, 286 austerity of, 115, 279–80 bureaucracy, Weberian, 25, 177, 189 quells mutiny, 189n209 ancient, 27 severity of, 150 modern, 25 trains soldiers, 39 Roman, 25, 27 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88269-9 — Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate Sara Elise Phang Index More Information index 323 Caecina, 96n134 rescripts to soldiers, 133 Caesar (C. Iulius) serves wine to guard, 268 building by, on campaign, 245–6 wears false armor, 108 debt of, 160 Carus (emperor, ad 282–3), 268 decimation and, 126–7 cash economy, soldiers and, 173 discipline of, 71, 75, 92, 96, 224 Cassius (tyrannicide). See M. Junius Brutus expediti, 218 Cassius Chaerea, 98 gives decorations, 197 Cassius Dio (historian), 51, 76–7, 80, 103–4, 155–6, gives ornate armor to soldiers, 71, 107 169, 171, 183, 187, 214, 229, 232, 269 impetus and, 47 C. Cassius Longinus (jurist), 128, 134 mutinies and, 87, 113, 126–7, 143 castrametation (building of camps), 38, 67–70 physique of, 266 compared to beehive, 70 plunders Gomphi, 263 controlled by officers, 68 soldiers’ wills, 178 imposed as discipline, 38, 67–70 Caesarians intimidates enemy, 68 endurance of famine, 263, 274–5 punishment for leaving over wall, 68–9 mutinies by. See mutiny represents military hierarchy, 68 self-punishment of, 126 security and, 68–9 calciarium, 171 social control and, 67 caligae, 84 standardized, 67–8 Caligula (Gaius, emperor ad 37–41), 84, 98, 127, Catiline (L. Sergius), 66, 96 144, 165 Cato the Elder (M. Porcius Cato Maior) Baiae bridge, 182 austerity of, 157, 277 discipline of, 127, 144, 183, 268 autarchy on campaign, 255 donatives by, 182–3, 185 censorship, 98, 224, 264 Cn. Calpurnius Piso pater labor of, 241 patronage of army, 28, 179–80 lost military treatise, 50 punishment of soldiers, 123, 147–8 trains son, 40 SC de Cn. Pisone patre, 28, 123, 179–80 treatment of slaves, 222 L. Calpurnius Piso Cato the Younger (M. Porcius Cato Minor), 104, imposes shaming punishment, 141 241, 262n77 Cannenses (prisoners and survivors of Cannae, Caudine Forks, 69 216 bc), 143 centurions “cannibal” imagery, 273 address superiors, 88 Caracalla (M. Aurelius Antoninus, emperor, ad exempt from fatigues, 233 211–17) extortion by, 176 as patron of army, 28, 180, 185, 187–8 promotion of, 16 assassination of, 98 from ranks, 233 austerity of, 231 punish soldiers, 116, 129, 138 bakes bread, 231, 269, 276, 280–1 punishment of, 129 drunkenness of, 259 regulate building of camps, 68 labor of, 241 role in battle, 66 mocks Macrinus, 192 social status of, 16, 88, 198 murders brother Geta, 185 Cicero (M. Tullius), 48, 63, 78, 101, 105, 156, 219 raises praemia, 164 cingulum (sword belt), 84–5, 141–2 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88269-9 — Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate Sara Elise Phang Index More Information 324 index civil warfare, 3–4, 9, 23, 28, 35, 37, 42, 44, 47–8, 71, agmen (line of march), 50, 56–7, 129 73, 75–8, 80, 87, 96, 98, 103–4, 121, 125, 147, combat psychology 153–7, 159, 161–3, 171, 185, 193, 195, 252, 259, aggression, 37, 42–4, 46–8 273–4, 287 animus, 37, 47 civilis princeps, 278 competitive virtus, 44, 47, 71 Claudius (emperor, ad 41–54), 99, 155, 181, ferocia, 46–7 186 flight, 43 clavarium, 171 furor, 48 clementia, 111 impetus, 46 close-order drill, modern, 37, 49–50, 287 readinesstofight,75 adapts classical sources, 52 Stoicism and, 48 entrainment and, 61 combat training, 37–46 marching music and, 61 individual, 37, 39–41 social control and, 37, 49–50, 54 leaders demonstrate skills, 40 spectacle and, 37 physical training, 40 tactical importance of, 49–50 practice weapons, 43 coinage, 155, 193–7 riding, 44 debasement, 196–7 special trainers, 41–4 donatives, 193 sword combat, 41–4 gold, 193 weapons skills, 41–4 inflation, 196 mass exercises and reviews, 37, 58 themes, 193–4 decursiones, 58 collegia, 184–5, 280 exercitationes, 58 combat, regulation of by Romans Hadrian at Lambaesis, ad 128 (ILS, 2487), coercion by officers, 38, 64–5 61; see Hadrian formation. See combat and marching hippika gymnasia, 60 formations ludus Troiae, 60–1 motivation by officers see combat psychology mock battles, 58, 60 punishment and parades, 59 for fighting against orders, 111, 122 spectacles, 58, 60 for flight, 65, 118 comitas and dining, 268–9 for leaving line of battle, 65–6, 118, commeatus see furlough 123 commensality, 276–8 for leaving order of march, 67, 129 commilito, leader as, 76, 87, 95–9, 185–8, 252, 269, sources, 50–2 276–9 standards as compromise, 288–90 combat and marching formations, 8 as symbolic violence, 33, 35 acies (line of battle), 53–6 Augustus rejects, 87 cohort formation, 54–5 austerity, 97–8, 252, 269, 276–7 importance of elevation, 54 disciplina ideal rejects, 185–8 manipular formation, 53–4 labor, 99, 216, 239–42, 246 phalanx, 38, 65 training soldiers, 39–40 quincunx, 53 Commodus (emperor, ad 180–192), 165, 273 relatively loose order, 50, 54–6, 64–5 community, 267–8, 281 shield wall, 72 conditions of service testudo, 56, 60, 65 in late Republic, 161–2