Toward a Guaranteed Livable Income: Annotated Bibliography 1 Contents Introduction .....................................................................................................................................4 What Is a Guaranteed Livable Income?.........................................................................................4 Glossary of Terms .....................................................................................................................4 Our Perspective .........................................................................................................................5 The Canadian Experience ..............................................................................................................6 History of Basic Income Proposals in Canada ...............................................................................6 Senate Consideration of GLI ......................................................................................................7 Yukon ............................................................................................................................................8 British Columbia ............................................................................................................................8 Nunavut.........................................................................................................................................9 Quebec .........................................................................................................................................9 Prince Edward Island ....................................................................................................................9 Manitoba Mincome Experiment ...................................................................................................10 Background .............................................................................................................................10 Evaluative Reports...................................................................................................................10 Opinions and Assessment .......................................................................................................11 Ontario Basic Income Pilot ..........................................................................................................12 Background .............................................................................................................................12 Evaluative Reports...................................................................................................................13 Opinions and Assessment .......................................................................................................13 Federal Income Programs ...........................................................................................................14 Canada Child Benefit ...............................................................................................................14 Old Age Security and Guaranteed Income Supplement ...........................................................15 Canadian Emergency Response Benefit (CERB) and Canada Emergency Student Benefit (CESB) ..............................................................................................................................16 Indigenous Governance ...............................................................................................................18 Basic Income and Indigenous Peoples ........................................................................................18 In the Media ................................................................................................................................18 Poverty and Indigenous Peoples .................................................................................................19 Indigenous Self-Determination ....................................................................................................20 Indigenous Peoples and Barriers to Canadian Income Support Programs ..................................22 Policy Outlines for National GLI Programs .................................................................................22 Opinion Polls Related to GLI in Canada ......................................................................................24 Effect of GLI on Health and Other Forms of Wellness ...............................................................25 Health..........................................................................................................................................25 Food Security ..............................................................................................................................26 Costs of Poverty ..........................................................................................................................26 Employment ................................................................................................................................27 Women........................................................................................................................................27 Criminal Legal System .................................................................................................................28 GLI for Canadians with Disabilities .............................................................................................30 International Models .....................................................................................................................31 Brazil ...........................................................................................................................................31 Bolsa Familia ...........................................................................................................................31 Municipality of Maricá: Renda Basica de Cidadania .................................................................32 2 ReCivitas Project .....................................................................................................................32 Finland ........................................................................................................................................32 India ............................................................................................................................................34 Iran ..............................................................................................................................................34 Italy .............................................................................................................................................35 Kenya ..........................................................................................................................................35 The Netherlands ..........................................................................................................................35 Scotland ......................................................................................................................................36 Spain ...........................................................................................................................................36 Uganda .......................................................................................................................................37 United States...............................................................................................................................37 Alaska......................................................................................................................................39 Eastern Cherokee Reservation (North Carolina) ......................................................................39 Gary, Indiana ...........................................................................................................................40 New Jersey ..............................................................................................................................40 Rural Income Maintenance Experiment (North Carolina and Iowa) ..........................................40 Seattle and Denver ..................................................................................................................41 On-Going and Potential Basic Income Experiments in the United States .................................41 3 Introduction What Is a Guaranteed Livable Income? Glossary of Terms *Note that the following definitions represent generally accepted interpretations of each term. However, differing interpretations are put forward by various sources, including in this annotated bibliography. Universal Basic Income: This model provides an unconditional uniform payment, often referred to as a “demogrant”, to either families or individuals regardless of income level. Depending on the model, this payment may or may not be tax-exempt. However, it is often thought that higher income earners would pay back their cash benefit through taxes on their earned income. In theory, a universal basic income model and a negative income tax model should lead to similar results. However, a universal basic income model will have higher up- front costs and possible difficulty recuperating benefits through taxation. Guaranteed Livable Income: A “Guaranteed Livable Income” (GLI) would be universally accessible but would not provide universal