University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Spring 2019 Reading Between the Lines: An Intersectional Media Analysis of Female Sex Offenders in Florida Newspapers Toniqua C. Mikell Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Mikell, T. C.(2019). Reading Between the Lines: An Intersectional Media Analysis of Female Sex Offenders in Florida Newspapers. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5169 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reading between the Lines: An Intersectional Media Analysis of Female Sex Offenders in Florida Newspapers by Toniqua C. Mikell Bachelor of Arts Winthrop University, 2012 Master of Arts University of South Carolina, 2014 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Criminology and Criminal Justice College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2019 Accepted by: Deena Isom Scott, Major Professor John D. Burrow, Major Professor Tia Stevens Andersen, Committee Member Shirley Staples-Carter, Committee Member Chery L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Toniqua C. Mikell, 2019 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION For my mommy: We did it. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The road to PhD has been complex and dissertation life has been exhausting. But my survival through it all is thanks in large part to a group of people who supported me, challenged me, and stuck out this ride with me. I am infinitely grateful to my committee co-chairs Drs. Deena Isom Scott and John Burrow, as well as, committee members Drs. Tia Stevens Andersen and Shirley Staples Carter – better known as My Squad. Their combined brilliance and feedback always propelled me forward, even if I struggled to accept it. I thank them for helping me grow as a researcher, writer, and overall scholar. In addition to my dissertation committee, I must thank my village of mentors. My Winthrop family has been so supportive of my growth from undergrad to doctorate. Forever an Eagle, indeed! My ACJS/ASC conference family has also poured so much into my development over the last few years. I would be lost without them. Lastly, I am so thankful to my support system of family and friends. All the positive vibes and words of encouragement were invaluable! I cannot express how much the texts, Facebook posts, Snapchats, invitations to hang out even when they knew I was not going to come, cheers, and love meant along the way. This dissertation is because of them. Thanks everybody! iv ABSTRACT The media is one of the furthest reaching social institutions of our society. It is a source of white patriarchal ideologies and a vehicle through which they are communicated. Female sex offenders represent a nexus of prescribed social and legal violations. This dissertation examines the reinforcement of patriarchal ideas in media coverage of female sex offenders by posing the question: how are female sex offenders portrayed in the media? Specifically, how are those portrayals racialized? Using an intersectional lens, this study employs a qualitative content analysis to examine the top five circulating newspapers in Florida and their coverage of female teachers who have been convicted of having sex with adolescent male students. The findings reveal themes of Blameworthiness & Accountability, Bourgeois Standards of Womanhood, and Threat & Dangerousness. These findings reveal that through the inclusion or exclusion of certain discourse about female sex offenders, newspapers perpetuate racialized and gendered expectations of women, generally, and implicitly reinforce controlling images of women of Color. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS: GENDER, SEX OFFENDING, & MEDIA ......8 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................61 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ...................................................................................................79 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION .............................................................................................94 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................110 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Summary of Typologies.....................................................................................29 Table 2.2 Theories of Female Sex Offending ....................................................................39 Table 2.3 Phases of the Descriptive Model of Female Sex Offending ..............................39 Table 3.1 Female Sex Offender Case Demographics and Case Year ................................69 Table 3.2 Number of Articles per Source ..........................................................................70 Table 3.3 Sensitizing Concepts ..........................................................................................73 Table 4.1 Race of Female Sex Offender and Newspaper Coverage of Theme .................80 vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In 2005, Debra Lafave, a middle school teacher in Hillsborough County, Florida pleaded guilty to lewd or lascivious battery after having sex with a 14-year-old male student. She was required to register as a sex offender and sentenced to three years of house arrest and seven years on probation. How could a teacher have sex with an underage student and avoid jail time? Various news sources quoted Lafave’s lawyer stating, “to place Debbie into a Florida state women’s penitentiary, to place an attractive young woman in that kind of hell hole, is like putting a piece of raw meat in with the lions” (Carnes, 2006). In other words, Lafave was too pretty and would be unsafe if sent to prison. Following those words, the media became obsessed with Lafave’s beauty – a white woman with blonde hair and blue eyes – and she gained notoriety as the face of “hot” teacher-underage student relationships and the yard stick by which subsequent sex scandals would be measured. Would the judge be as lenient for a man? Would the media be equally focused on physical attractiveness in lieu of culpability and punishment? Few people would argue that the outcomes would be the same for a male teacher and female student. Women who are accused of predatory offenses, when compared to men accused of similar crimes, experience different social responses. Within a patriarchal society, men dominate women and what is considered masculine is more valued compared to what is considered feminine (Chesney-Lind, 2006). Masculinity in opposition to femininity 1 implies a dichotomy of gender (culturally assigned roles) and sex (biology). Specifically, this assertion contributes to the placement of masculinity and maleness as superior to femininity and femaleness. The concepts of masculinity and femininity are “framed within a heteronormative conception of gender that essentializes male-female differences and ignores difference and exclusion within the gender categories” (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005, p. 836). This observation is significant because traditional ideals of masculinity and femininity coupled with entrenched patriarchy make it difficult for society to acknowledge victimization committed by women and girls, particularly, traditionally male crimes such as sexual assault (Brayford, 2012; Hayes & Carpenter, 2010). In fact, it is patriarchy in combination with traditional gender expectations that may lead society to actually reject women’s engagement in predatory, sexual behaviors in favor of the sexual victimization of women. Patriarchy, however, is but one among multiple social institutions that governs the way in which society understands victimization and criminal involvement. News stories, especially those involving crime, provide a narrative that crime is violent, widespread, rampant, and inevitable (Callanan, 2012). Media outlets often use crime as the primary subject matter (Klite, Bardwell, & Salzman, 1997), sometimes dedicating over 75 percent of television time to covering crime (Gilliam & Iyengar, 2000). “Stories about crime provide several necessary ingredients for the successful marketing of news—concrete events with powerful impact on ordinary people, drama and emotion, and, above all, attention-getting visuals” (Gilliam & Iyengar, 2000, p. 560). When reporting crime, the media follows a script that paints a picture of violent youth and/or violent people of Color (Gilliam & Iyengar, 1998; 2000). A script is “a coherent 2 sequence of events expected by the individual, involving him either as a participant or as an observer” (Abelson, 1976, p. 33; see also Gilliam & Iyengar, 2000). The call for “action news”