European Research 7th Framework Programme Project title: Community Networks Testbed for the Future Internet. Results of second batch of selected experiments Deliverable number: D.4.7 Project Acronym: CONFINE Project Full Title: Community Networks Testbed for the Future Internet. Type of contract: Large-scale integrating project (IP) contract No: 288535 Project URL: http://confine-project.eu Editor: Bart Braem, iMinds Deliverable nature: Report (R) Dissemination level: Public (PU) Contractual Delivery Date: June 30, 2015 Actual Delivery Date September 30, 2015 Suggested Readers: Project partners Number of pages: 134 Keywords: WP4, open call, experimental research, community networks, testbed Authors: Carlos Rey-Moreno, Tafadzwa Mandava, Lwando Mdleleni, Renette Blignaut - University of the Western Cape Thomas Huhn,¨ Stefan Venz - Dai Labor Greta Byrum - New America Foundation Paul Fuxjaeger - FTW Monica Gariga, Narcis Vives - Itinerarium Andrea Detti - CNIT Claudio Pisa - Unidata Ahmed Abujoda, Panagiotis Papadimitriou - University of Hannover Arjuna Sathiaseelan - University of Cambridge Roger Pueyo Centelles - Routek Vassilis Chryssos, Giorgos Klisiaris - Sarantaporo.gr Peer review: Christoph Barz - FKIE Julia Niewiejska - FKIE Aaron L. Kaplan - Funkfeuer Abstract The CONFINE project studies community networks and has developed a testbed to allow experi- mentation with community networks. To evaluate the testbed and to stimulate broad adoption of community networks research, the project includes two open calls for participation. A second open call was launched in project year 4. Nine partners were selected to do research on and with commu- nity networks, supported by the project. This deliverable gives a summary of experiences and results from this second open call. In the COSMOS project (CrOwd-Shared Mesh netwOrk for universal internet Service), the University of Cambridge and the Leibniz Universitat¨ Hannover investigate the benefits of extending the coverage of any crowd-shared network (e.g. the PAWS network in Nottingham, UK) by connecting the home routers as a mesh. The Technische Universitat¨ Berlin implemented a cross-layer joint power and rate controller, Minstrel-Blues, which enables realising different power control approaches using today’s WiFi hard- ware. Routek created software, called the Network Characterisation Daemon or NCD, an interactive tool that provides users of community networks a means of monitoring, evaluating and fine-tune their network nodes. In the BTC (“Blessing of The Commons”) project, the Telecommunications Research Center Vi- enna has built a dedicated interference measurement testbed using software-radio front-ends as signal transmitters. Additionally, the Linux kernel driver code has been modified and selected user-space tools have been implemented to allow keeping track of the instantaneous channel load and spectral efficiency characteristics for every link in the network. Itinirarium and the Institute of Government and Public Policies of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, in the CitizenSqKm project, explored how a community reacts to a new platform where digital information is created, collected, guarded, processed and disseminated by citizens in a collec- tive and structured effort. The New America Foundation has made a contextual analysis of community network sustainability. They have developed a broad-based framework for understanding socioeconomic factors that deter- mine the success, sustainability and social impact of community networks. In The Icarus project, the University of the Western Cape has performed a case study on a community network in rural South Africa. The impact of connecting the community network to the Internet has been investigated and show how this is instrumental to develop and reinforce other social structures within the community. In CONFLATE (CONFINE extension towards OpenFlow experimentation: infrastructure, soft- ware and demonstrations), UNIDATA and the Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomuni- cazione have expanded the Community-Lab testbed in two dimensions: infrastructural and functional by deploying new Community-Lab research devices in the Ninux.org network in Rome and by allow- ing researchers to deploy OpenFlow experiments in Community-Lab. Finally, Sarantaporo.gr has expanded its community wireless network and interconnected islet vil- lages via a backbone infrastructure. Furthermore, it has expanded to the nearest technical institute and through this to other community networks all over Europe. Contents I. Technological experiments8 1. Cosmos - CrOwd-Shared Mesh netwOrk for universal Internet Service9 1.1. Introduction . .9 1.2. Background . .9 1.2.1. Software Defined Crowd-Shared Wireless Mesh Networks . 10 1.2.2. Traffic Redirection . 11 1.2.3. User Sharing Policies . 12 1.2.4. Implementation . 14 1.3. Experiment Description . 17 1.4. Test Setup and Results . 17 1.5. Conclusions . 20 2. MinstrelBlues - Joint Transmit Power and Rate Control on CONFINE Testbed 22 2.1. Introduction . 22 2.2. Background . 22 2.3. Experiment Description . 24 2.4. Test Setup and Results . 25 2.5. Main Achievements and Challenges . 29 2.6. Conclusions . 31 3. Reflection - Enhancing Reflection and Self-Determination in Community Net- working 32 3.1. Introduction . 32 3.1.1. Objectives and Vision . 33 3.2. Related work . 33 3.3. Social and Technological context . 34 3.3.1. Community Mesh Networks in the Guifi.net environment . 34 3.3.2. Quick Mesh Project (qMp) . 34 3.3.3. BatMan-eXperimental version 6 (BMX6) routing protocol . 35 3.4. The Network Characterisation Daemon (NCD): a characterisation and interaction tool for Community Mesh Networks (CMNs) . 35 3.4.1. General concepts . 35 3.4.2. The NCD: architecture, components and considerations . 36 3.4.3. NCD source code and OpenWrt package for dissemination . 39 3.5. Achievements and Challenges . 39 3.6. Achievements and challenges for Community Mesh Networks . 39 3.6.1. Achievements and challenges for commercial exploitation . 40 3.6.2. Conclusions . 40 1 Contents Contents 4. Blessing of The Commons: Improving Radio Resource Utilization Efficiency in Community Wireless Networks 41 4.1. Motivation . 41 4.2. Part I - Empirical Model of Interference in IEEE802.11 . 42 4.2.1. Introduction . 42 4.2.2. Related Work . 43 4.2.3. The Current NS-3 Interference Model . 44 4.2.4. Measurement Methodology . 46 4.2.5. Measurement Results . 48 4.2.6. Adaption of the NS-3 Interference Model . 50 4.2.7. Summary of Part I . 51 4.3. Part II - Resource Utilization Awareness in IEEE802.11 . 52 4.3.1. Introduction . 52 4.3.2. Related Work . 53 4.3.3. Channel Load Measurement . 53 4.3.4. Channel Load Broadcasting . 54 4.3.5. Modifications to the mac80211 Subsystem . 55 4.3.6. Channel Load in HORST . 55 4.3.7. Relation to License Assisted Access . 56 4.3.8. Spectral Efficiency Measurement . 57 4.3.9. Summary of Part II . 58 4.4. Concluding Remarks . 59 II. Social experiments 60 5. Citizen Square Kilometer 61 5.1. Introduction . 61 5.2. Background . 61 5.3. Test Setup and Results . 63 5.3.1. An extension of the guifi.net community network . 63 5.3.2. Itinerarium’s geolocation platform . 64 5.3.3. Ethnography and participatory techniques to Adopt, Adapt, Create and Share 65 5.4. Main Achievements and Challenges . 71 5.5. Conclusions . 74 6. New America Foundation - Contextual Analysis of Community Network Sus- tainability 76 6.1. Introduction . 76 6.2. Background . 76 6.3. Experiment Description . 77 6.4. Test Setup and Results . 78 6.4.1. Test Method 1: Geospatial analysis . 78 6.4.2. Test Method 2: Regulatory, Policy, and Market Analysis . 82 6.4.3. Test Method 3: M-Lab Integration . 86 6.5. Main Achievements and Challenges . 89 6.6. Conclusions . 90 Deliverable D.4.7 2 Contents Contents 7. ICARUS - Impact of Community networks as Alternative infrastructure in re- mote and Underserved areaS 92 7.1. Introduction . 92 7.2. Background . 93 7.3. Experiment Description . 94 7.4. Test Setup and Results . 96 7.4.1. Study the impact of the communication network on the communication ex- penditure and patterns of both mobile and non-mobile users . 96 7.4.2. Collection and identification of other non-expected effects of the community network and the Internet connectivity . 98 7.4.3. Analysis of the influence of the community network in the agency and aspira- tions of users . 99 7.4.4. Description of the business model used to sustain the community network and its services . 101 7.5. Conclusions . 103 III. Testbed expansion 104 8. CONFLATE - CONFINE extension towards OpenFlow experimentation: infras- tructure, software and demonstrations 105 8.1. Introduction . 105 8.2. Background . 105 8.2.1. Community-Lab Testbed Expansion in Ninux.org . 105 8.2.2. OpenFlow Experimental Facility (OFX) . 106 8.3. Experiment Description . 110 8.4. Test Setup and Results . 111 8.4.1. Test Setup . ..