Marine Reserves, Community-Based Management, and Small-Scale Benthic Fisheries in the Gulf of California, Mexico Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Cudney-Bueno, Richard Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 13:31:26 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195579 MARINE RESERVES, COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT, AND SMALL-SCALE BENTHIC FISHERIES IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO By Richard Cudney-Bueno ________________________________ A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES STUDIES In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2007 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Richard Cudney-Bueno entitled: Marine Reserves, Community-Based Management, and Small-Scale Benthic Fisheries in the Gulf of California, Mexico and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date 12/11/06 Dr. James B. Greenberg Date 12/11/06 Dr. Stephen Lansing Date 12/11/06 Dr. Peter T. Raimondi Date 12/11/06 Dr. William W. Shaw Date 12/11/06 Dr. Robert J. Steidl Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date 12/11/06 Dissertation Director: Dr. William W. Shaw 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University of Arizona Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be granted from the author. SIGNED: Richard Cudney-Bueno 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My dissertation research is truly the product of the aggregated support of numerous people and institutions. First, I would like to thank Dr. William “Bill” Shaw for taking me as his graduate student. Bill was always available when I needed him and advised me not only as his student, but also as a colleague and friend. To my other committee members, Jim Greenberg, Steve Lansing, Pete Raimondi, and Bob Steidl, thank you for believing in my work and enriching it. I am profoundly indebted to those organizations that trusted me enough to essentially keep my research, family, and me alive all these years: The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Inter American Foundation (IAF), Environmental Leadership Program (ELP), PADI Project AWARE Foundation, Wallace Research Foundation, Graduate College of the University of Arizona, World Wildlife Fund-Gulf of California Program, Tinker Foundation, Sandler Foundation, and last, but certainly not least, the Intercultural Center for the Study of Deserts and Oceans (CEDO). CEDO was a pillar in the work with Puerto Peñasco divers, the stage for countless memories, and a home, literally and figuratively, for many years. A heart-felt thanks to Peggy Turk-Boyer, Director of CEDO, and Olegario Morales, CEDO’s field research technician at the time I conducted my studies. To the commercial divers of Puerto Peñasco, who opened the doors to their life, work, and knowledge. Our learning transcends the realms of natural history and science: friendship, laughter, sorrow, love, good ceviche, mourning, singing, music, dancing, story telling, distant lights in the night, climbing summits, diving to bottoms, dehydration, scorching nights, chilling waters, warm waters… together we have learned about life. Gracias Cuco, Angelillo, Tacho, Pin, Botete, Don Nacho, Pelón, Cándido, Tele, Chilo, Marcano Viejo, Marcanillo, Badachi, Valente, Manichi, Lalo, Güero, Pony, Chito, Bambocho, Chavira, Zurdo… gracias por compartir y navegar conmigo los repuntes y bajadas de marea. To my friends and colleagues: Mariana Altrichter, Xavier Basurto, Luis Bourillón, Rocío Covarrubias, Josh Donlan, Bete Jones, Tad Pfister, Kirsten Rowell, Peter Sherman, Jorge Torre, Hudson Weaver. Our relationship and conversations have more than enriched my work. Thanks also to all PANGUEROS, particularly Ana Cinti, Jennie Duberstein, Marcia Moreno, Martín Rivera, and Gaspar Soria for all your hard work and patience while we got this “little” project going in the midst of finishing a PhD. I am honored to have the privilege of working with you all. And to Lindsey Haskin, Osvel Hinojosa, Emily Omana, Rebecca Prescott, Jen Rupnow… it was a pleasure to share “the field” with you. Thank you. Lastly, to the most important people in my life: my parents, Roger and Eloisa; my brothers and sister, Roger, Robert, and Kathy; my beautiful boys, Ian and Santiago, and my wife and best friend Tiffany. You all ground me and have made the essence of who I am. Ian and Santi, you have made me read Moby Dick and dress up like a pirate again. Each of your smiles hits me to the core, even when I have been distracted. This is for you asking why I was so often working on the computer. And Tiff… from a night in April 13 years ago to another April night as I write this. It has been an incredible ride, and you have been there through all its turns. Your patience, integrity, and love are as real and humbling as they get. Here’s to you, us, exploration, and the songs I learn and compose in my new banjo. 5 DEDICATION For Jorge Hernández Bueno, my cousin and friend. Your gypsy soul will continue to build castles and live in our hearts and dreams. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................8 LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................15 ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................17 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................19 The Problem and its Global Context............................................................................19 State of the world’s fisheries, importance of small-scale fisheries, and management challenges .........................................................................................19 The “tragedy of the commons”: the main management problem?.........................21 Community-based management and the use of marine reserves ...........................22 Small-Scale benthic fisheries and the use of marine reserves ...............................24 Summary: research needs.......................................................................................27 This Dissertation..........................................................................................................28 Explanation of Dissertation Format .............................................................................33 PRESENT STUDY............................................................................................................38 Study Area....................................................................................................................38 Life History of Rock Scallop and Black Murex..........................................................39 Puerto Peñasco Benthic Fishery Case Study...............................................................47 A Regional Perspective on the Emergence and Governance of Marine Reserves in the Gulf of California ...............................................................................51 Implications of this Study for the Establishment and Governance of Community-Based Reserves........................................................................................57 7 APPENDIX A. ESTABLISHING A BASELINE: GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE ROCK SCALLOP (SPONDYLUS CALCIFER) IN THE UPPER GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO................................61 APPENDIX B. GROWTH, LONGEVITY, AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF THE BLACK MUREX SNAIL (HEXAPLEX NIGRITUS): IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF A RAPIDLY DECLINING FISHERY....................................................................................................95 APPENDIX C. BREEDING AGGREGATIONS AND REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF THE BLACK MUREX SNAIL (HEXAPLEX NIGRITUS) IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO .........................................125 APPENDIX D. RAPID EFFECTS OF MARINE RESERVES AND THE RISE AND FALL OF COOPERATION IN A YOUNG FISHERY...............................159 APPENDIX E. ONLINE