VOLUME 51, NO. 2 SEPTEMBER 2020 IN THIS ISSUE The United States and World Health Organization Searching for Bob McNamara Impacts of the Nazi Spy Case of 1938 AND MORE... Passport THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORIANS OF AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS REVIEW Editor Andrew L. Johns, Brigham Young University Assistant Editor Brionna Mendoza, The Ohio State University Production Editor Julie Rojewski, Michigan State University Editorial Advisory Board Heather Dichter, DeMontfort University (2020) Kelly McFarland, Georgetown University (2019-2021) Michael Brenes, Yale University (2020-2022) Founding Editors Mitchell Lerner, The Ohio State University (2003-2011) William J. Brinker, Tennessee Technological University (1980-2003) Nolan Fowler, Tennessee Technological University (1973-1980) Gerald E. Wheeler, San Jose State College (1969-1973) Cover Image: ca. 1918 or 1919. “Precautions taken in Seattle, Wash., during the Spanish Influenza Epidemic would not permit anyone to ride on the street cars without wearing a mask. 260,000 of these were made by the Seattle Chapter of the Red Cross which consisted of 120 workers, in three days.” Call Number: LC-A6195- 3955 [P&P], Collection: American National Red Cross photograph collection, Library of Congress. Digital Id: anrc 02654, LOC Control Number: 2017668638. Passport Editorial Office: SHAFR Business Office: Andrew Johns Amy Sayward, Executive Director Department of History Department of History Brigham Young University Middle Tennessee State University 2161 JFSB, Provo, UT 84602 1301 East Main Street, Box 23 [email protected] Murfreesboro, TN 37132 801-422-8942 (phone) [email protected] 801-422-0275 (fax) 615-898-2569 Passport is published three times per year (April, September, January), by the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, and is distributed to all members of the Society. Submissions should be sent to the attention of the editor, and are acceptable in all formats, although electronic copy by email to [email protected] is preferred. Submissions should follow the guidelines articulated in the Chicago Manual of Style. Manuscripts accepted for publication will be edited to conform to Passport style, space limitations, and other requirements. The author is responsible for accuracy and for obtaining all permissions necessary for publication. Manuscripts will not be returned. Interested advertisers can find relevant information on the web at: http://www.shafr.org/publications/review/rates, or can contact the editor. The opinions expressed in Passport do not necessarily reflect the opinions of SHAFR or of Brigham Young University. ISSN 1949-9760 (print) ISSN 2472-3908 (online) The editors of Passport wish to acknowledge the generous financial and institutional support of Brigham Young University, the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies, and Middle Tennessee State University. © 2020 SHAFR Page 2 Passport September 2020 Passport THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORIANS OF AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS REVIEW Volume 51, Number 2, September 2020 In This Issue 4 Contributors 6 Presidential Message Kristin Hoganson 13 A Roundtable on Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Do Morals Matter?: Presidents and Foreign Policy from FDR to Trump Kelly M. McFarland, Lori Clune & Danielle Richman, Wilson D. (Bill) Miscamble, C.S.C., Seth Jacobs, Vanessa Walker, and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 25 A Roundtable on Monica Kim, The Interrogation Rooms of the Korean War: The Untold History Mitchell Lerner, Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, Arissa H. Oh, Zachary M. Matusheski, Peter Banseok Kwon, and Monica Kim 33 The United States and the World Health Organization Theodore M. Brown 39 A Roundtable on Daniel Bessner and Fredrik Logevall, “Recentering the United States in the Historiography of American Foreign Relations” Chester Pach, Cindy Ewing, Kevin Y. Kim, and Daniel Bessner & Fredrik Logevall 45 A Forgotten Scandal: How the Nazi Spy Case of 1938 Affected American Neutrality and German Diplomatic Opinion Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones 49 A Roundtable on Timothy J. Lynch, In the Shadow of the Cold War: American Foreign Policy from George Bush Sr. to Donald Trump Jeffrey A. Engel, R. Joseph Parrott, Heather Marie Stur, Steven J. Brady, and Timothy J. Lynch 58 Searching for Bob McNamara Aurélie Basha i Novosejt 60 Immaculate Deception Roger Peace 63 SHAFR Awards 68 SHAFR Spotlights 73 Minutes of the June 2020 SHAFR Council Meeting 77 Diplomatic Pouch 83 In Memoriam: Lawrence S. Kaplan Mary Ann Heiss Passport September 2020 Page 3 Contributors Passport 51/2 (September 2020) Aurélie Basha i Novosejt is Lecturer in American History at the University of Kent. She is the author of I Made Mistakes: Robert McNamara’s Vietnam Policy, 1960-1968 (2019). Steven J. Brady is Assistant Professor of History at The George Washington University. He is the author of Eisenhower and Adenauer: Alliance Maintenance under Pressure (2009), and the forthcoming Chained to History: Slavery and American Foreign Relations to 1865. His current project is a study of American Catholics and the Vietnam War. Daniel Bessner is the Anne H.H. and Kenneth B. Pyle Associate Professor in American Foreign Policy in the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies at the University of Washington. He is also a Non-Resident Fellow at the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft and a Contributing Editor at Jacobin. He is the author of Democracy in Exile: Hans Speier and the Rise of the Defense Intellectual (2018). Theodore M. Brown is Professor Emeritus of History and Public Health Sciences at the University of Rochester. His research includes the history of U.S. and international medicine and public health; the history of U.S. health policy and politics; and the history of psychosomatic medicine, “stress” resaerch, and biopsychosocial approaches to clinical practice. He has served as editor of Rochester Studies in Medical History, a book series of the University of Rochester Press, and during his eighteen year tenure oversaw the publication of 45 monographs in the history of medicine and public health. He has also served as History Editor of the American Journal of Public Health since 1997. His books include Comrades in Health: U.S. Health Internationalists Abroad and at Home (2013, with Anne-Emanuelle Birn) and The World Health Organization: A History (2019, with Marcos Cueto and Elizabeth Fee). Lori Clune is Professor of History at California State University, Fresno. She completed her Ph.D. in History at the University of California, Davis. She is the author of Executing the Rosenbergs: Death and Diplomacy in a Cold War World (2016), as well as several essays on the Cold War and U.S. propaganda. Her current research concerns the history of the video game industry. Jeffrey A. Engel is Professor of History and Director of the Center for Presidential History at Southern Methodist University. He is the author or editor of twelve books, including Cold War at 30,000 Feet: The Anglo-American Fight for Aviation Supremacy (2007), which received the Paul Birdsall Prize from the American Historical Association; When the World Seemed New: George H.W. Bush and the End of the Cold War (2017), which received the 2019 Transatlantic Studies Association Prize; and Fourteen Points for the Twenty-first Century: A Renewed Appeal for Cooperative Internationalism (2020, edited with Richard H. Immerman). Cindy Ewing is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Missouri, specializing in global history, modern South Asia, and modern Southeast Asia. She is currently working on her first book, which examines how postcolonial internationalism shaped human rights and other key ideas of global order. Mary Ann Heiss is Associate Professor of History at Kent State University. She is the author of Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (1997), and has published numerous essays in edited collections and professional journals including the International History Review, Diplomatic History, and the Journal of Cold War Studies. She has co-edited volumes on the recent history and future of NATO, U.S. relations with the Third World, intrabloc conflict within NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and the national security state and the legacy of Harry S. Truman. Her latest book, Fulfilling the Sacred Trust: The UN Campaign for International Colonial Accountability in the Era of Decolonization, will be published later this year by Cornell University Press. Kristin Hoganson is Stanley S. Stroup Professor of United States History at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She is the author of Consumer’s Imperium: The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865-1920 (2007); American Empire at the Turn of the Century (2016); Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (1998); and, most recently, The Heartland: An American History (2019). She serves as SHAFR president in 2020. Seth Jacobs is Professor of History at Boston College. His most recent book is Rogue Diplomats: The Proud Tradition of Disobedience in American Foreign Policy (2020). Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones is Professor Emeritus of American History at the University of Edinburgh, and honorary president of the Scottish Association for the Study of America. His latest work is The Nazi Spy Ring in America: Hitler’s Agents, the FBI, and the Case that Stirred the Nation (2020), also available in a UK edition as Ring of Spies: How MI5 and the FBI Brought Down the Nazis in America (2020). He is currently researching for his eighteenth book, a history of the CIA. Kevin Y. Kim is Assistant Professor of History at the University of California, Los Angeles. He has written articles in Diplomatic History, Pacific Historical Review, Modern American History, and other publications. He is currently completing a book project, tentatively titled, Worlds Unseen: Henry Wallace, Herbert Hoover, and the Making of Cold War America. In 2018-2019, he was a faculty fellow at the Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History at Harvard University. Monica Kim is Assistant Professor and the William Appleman Williams & David G. and Marion S.