nutrients Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People Edited by Matteo Cesari and Emanuele Marzetti Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People Special Issue Editors Matteo Cesari Emanuele Marzetti MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Matteo Cesari Emanuele Marzetti University of Milan Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Italy Italy Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) in 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special issues/ Dietary protein and muscle in aging people) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-457-4 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-458-1 (PDF) c 2018 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Preface to ”Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People” ...................... ix Evasio Pasini, Giovanni Corsetti, Roberto Aquilani, Claudia Romano, Anna Picca, Riccardo Calvani and Francesco Saverio Dioguardi Protein-Amino Acid Metabolism Disarrangements: The Hidden Enemy of Chronic Age-Related Conditions Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 391, doi:10.3390/nu10040391 ................... 1 Amanda V. Sardeli, Tiemy R. Komatsu, Marcelo A. Mori, Arthur F. G´aspari and Mara Patr´ıcia T. Chacon-Mikahil Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 423, doi:10.3390/nu10040423 ................... 12 Mary Ni Lochlainn, Ruth C. E. Bowyer and Claire J. Steves Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People: The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiome Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 929, doi:10.3390/nu10070929 ................... 22 Bernhard Franzke, Oliver Neubauer, David Cameron-Smith and Karl-Heinz Wagner Dietary Protein, Muscle and Physical Function in the Very Old Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 935, doi:10.3390/nu10070935 ................... 41 Xiao Song, Federico J. A. Perez-Cueto and Wender L. P. Bredie Sensory-Driven Development of Protein-Enriched Rye Bread and Cream Cheese for the Nutritional Demands of Older Adults Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1006, doi:10.3390/nu10081006 .................. 55 Deborah Agostini, Sabrina Donati Zeppa, Francesco Lucertini, Giosue` Annibalini, Marco Gervasi, Carlo Ferri Marini, Giovanni Piccoli, Vilberto Stocchi, Elena Barbieri and Piero Sestili Muscle and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women: Role of Protein and Vitamin D Supplementation Combined with Exercise Training Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1103, doi:10.3390/nu10081103 .................. 76 Andreas Nilsson, Diego Montiel Rojas and Fawzi Kadi Impact of Meeting Different Guidelines for Protein Intake on Muscle Mass and Physical Function in Physically Active Older Women Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1156, doi:10.3390/nu10091156 .................. 97 Helio´ Jose´ Coelho-J unior,´ Luiz Milano-Teixeira, Bruno Rodrigues, Reury Bacurau, Emanuele Marzetti and Marco Uchida Relative Protein Intake and Physical Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1330, doi:10.3390/nu10091330 ..................106 H´elio Jos´eCoelho-J ´unior, Bruno Rodrigues, Marco Uchida and Emanuele Marzetti Low Protein Intake Is Associated with Frailty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1334, doi:10.3390/nu10091334 ..................122 v Riccardo Calvani, Anna Picca, Federico Marini, Alessandra Biancolillo, Jacopo Gervasoni, Silvia Persichilli, Aniello Primiano, H´elio Jos´e Coelho-Junior, Maurizio Bossola, Andrea Urbani, Francesco Landi, Roberto Bernabei and Emanuele Marzetti A Distinct Pattern of Circulating Amino Acids Characterizes Older Persons with Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia: Results from the BIOSPHERE Study Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1691, doi:10.3390/nu10111691 ..................136 vi About the Special Issue Editors Matteo Cesari Cesari is Associate Professor of Geriatrics at the Universita` di Milano and Director of the Geriatric Unit at the Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (Milan, Italy). His research activities are focused on healthy aging and the management of frailty in “biologically old” individuals. He is listed by Clarivate Analytics among the worldwide Highly Cited Researchers (http://highlycited.com). Dr. Cesari is Editor-in-Chief of The Journal of Frailty & Aging, and Associate Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (JAMDA). He is the coordinator of the European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS) Special Interest Group on “Frailty in older persons”. Dr. Cesari has also been regularly collaborating with the World Health Organization on the themes of aging and integrated care in older people. Emanuele Marzetti is a board-certified Geriatrician, Clinical Assistant Professor in Geriatrics, and leader of the orthogeriatric consultation team at the Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ”Agostino Gemelli”, Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy). He received his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees at the Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and a postdoctoral training in biochemistry of aging at the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL, USA). Dr. Marzetti serves as an Associate Editor for Experimental Gerontology, The Journal of Frailty & Aging, JCSM Clinical Reports, and Frontiers in Medicine. His research focuses on the mechanisms responsible for skeletal muscle and cardiovascular aging, with a special interest in mitochondrial pathophysiology, biomarker discovery, and the factors involved in the pathogenesis of frailty and disability in old age. vii Preface to ”Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People” Over recent years, evidence has accumulated that protein intake above the current −1 −1 recommended dietary allowance (RDA, 0.8 g kg d ) may help preserve muscle mass and function in old age. Opinion articles and consensus statements have argued that older people should be − − advised to ingest 1.0–1.5 g of protein kg 1 d 1. This recommendation is mainly based on findings from observational studies showing that protein consumption above the RDA is associated with reduced risk of frailty, loss of lean body mass, slow walking speed, dynapenia, and poor balance. Notwithstanding, only a handful of clinical trials have tested the impact of specific protein ingestion regimens on body composition, physical performance, and frailty status of older people, with mixed results. The purpose of this book was to convene experts and opinion leaders in nutrition, sarcopenia, frailty, and exercise science in the attempt to bring order in the field of protein requirements for muscle health in late life. The book showcases original articles, reviews, and meta-analyses addressing the relationship between dietary protein intake and muscle aging through clinical and translational approaches. Selected contributions also cover procedures aimed at increasing the palatability of protein supplements, the use of circulating amino acids as biomarkers for sarcopenia and frailty, and the impact of protein dysmetabolism in chronic conditions. The variety of the topics and the interdisciplinary content make the book appealing to a large readership, from clinicians interested in implementing nutritional interventions in their daily practice to researchers who may take cues for future studies on the subject. Lastly, we would like to take to opportunity to thank the contributors, the reviewers, and the MDPI editorial staff, whose scientific excellence, time, and dedication made this book a reality. Matteo Cesari, Emanuele Marzetti Special Issue Editors ix nutrients Review Protein-Amino Acid Metabolism Disarrangements: The Hidden Enemy of Chronic Age-Related Conditions Evasio Pasini 1,†, Giovanni Corsetti 2,*,†, Roberto Aquilani 3, Claudia Romano 2, Anna Picca 4, Riccardo Calvani 4 and Francesco Saverio Dioguardi 5 1 Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS Lumezzane, Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, 25065 Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy; [email protected] 2 Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11-25124 Brescia, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00198 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (R.C.) 5 Department of