'I'HE CAMBRIDGE BIBLE FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES GENERAL EDITOR FOR THE OLD TESTAMENT AND APOCRYPHA :-A. F. KIRKPATRICK, D.D., LADY MARGARET'S PRO·FESSOR OF DIVINITY. THE BOOK OF DANIEL CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, C. F. CLAY, MANAGER. 11.,onbon: FETTER LANE, E.C. @lasgobr: 50, WELLINGTON STREET. iLtip)ig: F. A. BROCKHAUS. fl}tbr }l!ttk: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. 3$omba)! anll (!t;alcuttn: l\IACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. [All Rights ,-eurv,d.J THE BOOK OF DANIEL Edited by THE REV. S. R. DRIVER, D.D., Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford. CAMBRIDGE: at the University Press 1905 First Edition 1900, Reprinted 1901, 1905 PREFACE BY THE GENERAL EDITOR FOR THE OLD TESTAMENT. THE present General Editor for the Old Testament in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges desires to say that, in accordance with the policy of his predecessor the Bishop of Worcester, he does not hold himself responsible for the particular interpreta­ tions adopted or for the opinions expressed by the editors of the several Books, nor has he endeavoured to bring them into agreement with one another. It is inevitable that there should be differences of opinion in regard to many questions of criticism and interpretation, and it seems best that these differences should find free expression in different volumes. He has endeavoured to secure, as far as possible, that the general scope and character of the series should be observed, and that views which have a reasonable claim to consideration should not be ignored, but he has felt it best that the final responsibility should, in general, rest with the individual contributors. A. F. KIRKPATRICK. Principal Abbreviations employed. KAT. 1 ... Eb. Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das A. T., ed. '2, 1883 (translated under the title Tke Cuneiform Inseriptions and the O.T. 1885, 1888). The references are to the pagination of the original, which is given on the margin of the English translation. KB .... Eb. Schrader, Keilinschriftliche Bibliotkek (transliterations and translations of Assyrian and Babylonian inscriptions), 1889-1900. L.O.T.6 ... S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of tke Old Testament, ed. 6, 1897. NHWB .... M. Levy, Neuhebriiisches und Cha!daisches Wiirterbuch, 1876-89. OTJC.2 ... W. Robertson Smith, Tke Old Testament in the Jewish Churck, ed. 2, 1892. P.S. (or Payne Smith) ... R. Payne Smith, Tkesaurus Syriacus. RP.1 or RP2 ... Records of tke Past, first and second series, respec­ tively. SchUrer2 ... E. Schurer, Gesch. des Judischen Volkes im Zeita!ter Jesu Christi, ed. 2, 1886, 18yo (translated, Edinb. 1890-3); Vol. 2, also, in ed. 3 ( 2 vols.), 1898. ZA TW. ... Zeitschrijt fiir die Alttestammtliche Wissenschaft, 1881 ff. For the names of Commentators, &c., see pp. cii-civ. It has been found difficult to preserve entire consistency in the transliteration of foreign words, especially Babylonian and Assyrian names; but it is hoped that the reader will not be seriously misled in consequence. Familiar names have usually been left unchanged. In other words~ (or sometimes eh) = n; 1 = p; £(or;)= ~; t = t:>. CONTENTS. PAGES CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE viii INTRODUCTION : § 1. The person of Daniel and the contents of the Book ix § z. History embraced by the Book of Daniel ........... xxiii § 3. Authorship and Date ...•................................ xlvii § 4. Some characteristic features of the Book of Daniel lxxvi § 5. Versions, Commentaries, &c. .......................... xcviii TEXT AND NOTES •••••••••••••·•·••··•···••·••·••••••••••·•···••····•••••· ADDITIONAL NOTES:- On the term ' Chaldaeans' ...... .. ... ... .•. ... .. •. ... ..• 12 On the terms 'Excellent' and 'Excellency' in A. V., R. V., and P.B. V. of the Psalms........................ 32 On Nebuchadnezza,~s mad11ess ......... ........................ 58 On the Four Empires of Daniel II., VII. ............... 94 On tlze Expression 'one like unto a son of man' in Dan. vii. I 3 . .. .. .•... ... •. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 On the Ruins of Susa............................................. 125 On the Prophecy of tlze Seventy Weeks ... .. ... .. ... .. 143 On the Expression ' The abomination of desolation'...... 150 APPENDIX:- The Inscription recording the vote of thanks to Eumenes and Atta/us passed by tlze Council and people qf Antioch . 207 INDEX........................................................................... 209 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. B,C, 605. Defeat of Egyptians by Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemish. 604. NEBUCHADNEZZAR, 586. Fall of Jerusalem. 561. AMftL-MARDUK (Evil-Merodach). 559· NERGAL-SHAR-U'.(:UR (Neriglissar). 555 (9 months). LABASHI-MARDUK (Laborisoarchod), 555. NABU-NA'ID (Nabonnedus, Nabonidus). 538. CYRUS. Return of Jews under Zerubbabel. 529-522. CAMBYSES, 522 (7 months). GAUMATA (Pseudo-Smerdis}, 522-485. DARIUS HYSTASPIS. 485-46,. XERXES, 333. Persian empire overthrown by ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 323. Death of Alexander. Kings of Syria. Kings of Egypt. 312. SELEUCUS I (Nicator). PTOLEMY I (Lagi), satrap. PT0LEMY l (Lagi), king. PT0LEMY II (Philadelphus). 280. ANT!0CHUS I (Soter). 261. ANTIOCHUS II (Theos). 249. ANTIOCHUS II receives in marriage Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 246. SELEUCUS II (Callinicus). l247. PTOLEMY III (Euergetes I). 226. SKLEUCUS III (Ceraunos). 223. ANTIOCHUS III (the Great). 222. PT0LEMY IV (Philopator), 205. PT0LEMY V (Epiphanes). 198. Antiochus the Great defeats tolemy Epiphanes at Paneion, and obtains possession of Palestine. 194-3. Antiochus the Great marries his daughter, Cleopatra, to Ptolemy Epiphanes. 187. SELEUCUS IV (Philopator). I182. PT0LE.MY VI (Eupator). 175-164. ANTIOCHUS IV (Epi- 182-146. PT0LEMY VII (Philo- phanes). metor). 175. Jason purchases the high-priesthood from Antiochus, ex- pelling his brother Onias I II. Menelaus, outbidding Jason, becomes high-priest. Antiochus' first expedition into Egypt. On his return he enters the Temple, and carries off the sacred vessels. 168. Antiochus' third (or second?) expedition into Egypt. 168. Apollonius surprises Jerusalem on the Sabbath-da)'.. · 168. Antiochus' measures against the Jews. Desecration of the Temple (25 Chisleu). Rise of the Maccabees. Victories over the generals of Antiochus. Re-dedication of the Temple (25 Chisleu), Death of Antiochus. DANIEL. INTRODUCTION. § I. The person of Daniel and tlze contents of the Boo~. ALL that is known of Daniel is contained substantially in the book which bears his name. The Book consists essentially of two parts: (1) a series of narratives (eh. i.-vi.), describing the experiences of Daniel and his companions, in the three reigns of Nebuchadnezzar (eh. i.-iv.), Belshazzar (eh. v.), and Darius the Mede (eh. vi.); and (2) a series of visions (eh. vii.-xii.), with introductions describing the circumstances attending them, pur­ porting to have been seen by Daniel during the reigns of Bel­ shazzar (eh. vii., viii.), Darius the Mede (eh. ix.), and Cyrus (eh. x.-xii.). The principal link connecting the two parts of the book is afforded by chaps. ii. and vii.-the four empires symbolized by the image in Nebuchadnezzar's dream in eh. ii. being the same as the four empires symbolized by the four beasts seen by Daniel in his vision described in eh. vii. The following is an outline of the contents of the Book. Nebuchadnezzar, having in the third year of Jehoiakim, king of Judah (B.C. 6o5), laid siege to Jerusalem, and carried away to Babylon several Jewish prisoners, determined shortly afterwards to have a number of noble and promising youths educated in ,the language and learning of the 'Chaldaeans,'-i.e. of the pro­ fessors of divination, magic, and astrology in Babylon,-with a X INTRODUCTION. view to their entering the king's service. Among the youths selected for the purpose were four of the Jewish captives, viz. Daniel, who received now the name of Belteshazzar, and Hana­ niah, Mishael, and Azariah, who received similarly the new names of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego, .respectively1• The four youths, while content to pursue the studies prescribed by Nebuchadnezzar, determined, if possible, not to compromise their religious principles, by partaking of the special food pro­ vided for them from the royal table; and succeeded in obtaining permission to confine themselves to vegetable diet. At the end of three years, being found to excel all the others who had been educated with them, they are promoted to a place among the king's personal attendants, and prove themselves, when tested, to be superior in knowledge and ability even to the 'wise men' of Babylon themselves (eh. i.). An oppurtunity soon arrives for Daniel to give proof of his abilities. Nebuchadnezzar, in his second year, being disquieted by a dream, demands of the 'wise men' of Babylon that they should repeat and interpret it to him: being unable to do this, they are condemned by him to death. Daniel and his com­ panions, being, in virtue of their education, regarded a~ belong­ ing to the class of 'wise men,' and finding consequently their lives to be in danger, betake themselves to prayer; and in answer to their supplication the secret of the dream is revealed to Daniel. Being now, at his own request, brought before the king, Daniel declares and interprets to him his dream. The dream was of a colossal image, the head consisting of gold, the breast and arms of silver, and the rest of the body of various inferior materials: as the king beheld it, a stone 'cut out without hands' suddenly fell, and struck the feet of the image, which thereupon broke up, while the stone grew into a moun­ tain, which filled the whole earth. The image was interpreted by Daniel as signifying four empires-the head of gold being N ebucha:dnezzar himself, representing the empire of the Chal- l According to Josephus (Ant. XI. x_. 1)-though this may be only an inference, which does not necessarily follo'Y, from t~e terms of Dan. i. 3 b-the four yo,1ths were all related to Kmg Zedek1ah. CONTENTS OF THE BOOK. xi daeans, the other parts of the body symbolizing three other empires, which are not named explicitly, but which (see the notes on ii.