A Journal for Planning and Building in a Global Context 4 / 2011 – 2012 TRIALOG 111 4/2011-2012 1 Editorial Nowadays privatisation is often seen as a panacea private investments and through Public Private Title page: for the problems of urban modernisation and Partnerships, Banashree Banerjee looks at impor- Free interpretation of the layout of the structure of development. Whether because of dissatisfaction tant lessons learned. The schemes and initiatives the Latinos neighbourhood with public services or because of shifts in politics analysed reveal the underlying policies and prac- of the private town Bumi or the economy, many cities turn to the private tices that continue to have a direct influence on Serpong Damai (Jakarta). (Gotsch, Grewe, Stahmer) sector to aid in their development, and many private creating an exclusive city. initiatives take the reins when the government weak. In particular in the developing world, the context of The cooperation with PPPs in urban development political instability, environmental risk, and socio- has become an important strategy for many govern- economic divide creates distinct spaces for the ments. Staying in India, Kiran Sandhu provides an privatisation of services and public goods by new overview of the country's attempt to modernise its actors from the corporate sector and distinct civil malfunctioning infrastructure through PPPs. Her society groups. The situation also produces a fertile article reveals the enabling environment the Indian ground for partnerships between governments and government has created, and also includes a look at the private sector, so-called "Private Public PPP trends in infrastructure development as well as Partnerships" or PPPs. future challenges for all players involved. The articles in this issue of TRIALOG assert that The void of weak governance is often filled by partnerships between the public and private sectors bottom-up initiatives that privatise their urban have entered mainstream urban development space. For example, some communities in Africa are practice, and that many variations of this are reacting in many creative ways to the lack of evolving to respond to different conditions and adequate public safety and security provision. needs. The articles also reveal how the final results Cecilia Andersson and Claude Meutchehe Ngomsi of such private modes of urban production and take a closer look at this, providing insight into the partnerships can be both positive and negative, effectiveness of these practices and their ability to complex, and constantly evolving. Each of the promote human rights and sustainable urbanisation. articles in this issue addresses questions of how privatisation impacts socio-spatial and urban Some private developers do attempt to reach the development in the Global South. The focus ranges lower-income segments. Florian Steinberg takes a from the effects of the global metropolitan main- look at the dimensions of privately driven housing in stream on younger generations, across the impact Manila in the Philippines. He finds that the develop- of PPPs on housing, slum redevelopment and ers today attract a varying degree of infrastructure provision, and on to the strategies socio-economic classes. However, many issues and responses of self-organised populations. remain to be addressed in order for the private sector to more successfully reach out to lower- An overall conclusion is that albeit the process of income families and the urban poor. private urbanisation often appears as the only viable mode of development, and while it engenders a high Neoliberalism is far from being outdated. Peter degree of innovation, the emerging space is not a Gotsch provides a theoretical foundation for the city for all. In a system of opportunistic enclaves, theme of this journal by elaborating on the concept public space is neglected: the city as a zoo (see the of neoliberalism in relation to private urbanisation. title page). Most often the negative effects are He maintains that the neoliberal mode today is largest for the poor and excluded, who are either characterised by combination of a distinct rational overlooked during the process of redevelopment or management, new technologies, and the irrational are seen simply as an obstacle to overcome in the behaviour of the stakeholders in the process. quest towards a more attractive city. Nonetheless, Private urbanisation with a neoliberal mindset the articles also reveal that the government remains appears to have a profound impact on urbanisation a crucial element in the process and that there is a processes in the Global South, e.g. by reinforcing strong need to integrate social and environmental prevailing trends of exclusion, fragmentation and agendas into the modes of private urban segregation. Nonetheless, much remains to be done development. to unravel the distinct modes of neoliberal produc- tion of spaces in the peripheries. Spaces of global consumption have not only a strong impact on the affluent but also on the poor. Petra Peter Gotsch Kuppinger's article examines the relationship between global and local cultures in Cairo (Egypt) and, specifically, how younger generations from poor communities are navigating global spaces of exclusivity in Cairo, whether through technology, consumer goods, social practices, or fashion, and how this new consumer culture effects their own communities and neighbourhoods. As privatisation strategies become popular, govern- ments also seek to employ these tactics to eradicate slums. Since the Indian government supplements their efforts of moving towards slum-free cities with 2 TRIALOG 111 4/2011-2012 Zeitschrift für das Planen und Bauen im globalen Kontext 4 / 2011 – 2012 Private Urbanisation — The City as a Zoo Volume Editor: Peter Gotsch 2 Editorial 4 Exclusive inclusion Youth and neoliberal consumerism in Cairo Petra Kuppinger 12 From informal settlements to prime real estate in Indian cities Banashree Banerjee 22 Public Private Partnerships in infrastructure development in India A retrospective overview Kiran Sandhu 32 Citizen's contribution to public safety in Africa's Sub-Saharan cities Cecilia Andersson and Claude Meutchehe Ngomsi 42 For the rich and the poor Private sector housing in Metro Manila, the Philippines Florian Steinberg 50 Neoliberalism The idea, the critique, and the spatial Implications Peter Gotsch 57 Diskussion — Rapoport weiter denken Achim Schüßler 59 Discussion — Thinking beyond Rapoport Achim Schüßler 62 Book reviews / Neue Bücher 64 Forthcoming events / Veranstaltungen TRIALOG 111 4/2011-2012 3 EXCLusive INCLusiON YOUTH AND NEOLIBERAL CONSUMERISM IN CAIRO ∆ Petra Kuppinger Abstract Rapid globalization and its concrete economic, emerging global landscape of consumption and This article has been social, cultural and spatial dynamics have dramati- communication while simultaneously carrying the peer reviewed by two independent reviewers. cally changed Cairo’s cityscape. Exclusive spaces of latter’s tentacles into Cairo’s back alleys. Young A group of about 30 leisure and consumption have in recent years people negotiate and recreate spatialities and social distinguished experts is mushroomed in and around the city. Most of these contexts as they use and re-interpret global engaged in TRIALOG's peer review process. spaces and services are off limits or unaffordable technologies, goods, practices and fashions. I All photographs are by the for the majority of Cairenes. Nonetheless, these illustrate how some young people celebrate a new author unless otherwise changes and innovations have not by-passed these consumerist universe that they at best can observe, noted. groups but created new needs, strategies, prac- but neither participate in nor greatly benefit from. I Cairo tices, and dreams among the urban poor, in examine how others fall victim to consumerism and Photo: Rachel Brockley particular among younger people. Based on ethno- its glittery temptations. My inquiry is guided by the graphic research, this article illustrates how some following questions: What exactly is the nature of young lower class individuals navigate globalized some lower class youths’ involvement and participa- spaces and contexts on the one hand, and on the tion in globalized spaces, contexts and networks? other hand how they themselves help to more Are they active participants? What are the economic thoroughly globalize others. I argue that while characteristics of their globalized experiences? Are excluded from most upscale globalized spaces, they powerless but happy by-standers? Or, are they many young people actively participate in an victims? Exklusive Einbeziehung meist hochpreisigen globalisierten Räumen ausge­ Jugendliche und neoliberaler Konsum in Kairo schlossen sind, aktiv an einer zunehmend globalisierenden Landschaft der Kommunikation Die schnelle Globalisierung und die damit einher­ und des Konsums teilhaben und dadurch gleichzeitig gehende wirtschaftliche, soziale, und räumliche deren Fangarme bis in die letzten Seitenstraßen und Dynamik haben Kairos Stadtbild dramatisch Hinterhöfe Kairos tragen. Junge Leute verhandeln verändert. Exklusive, auch im Wortsinn aus­ und erschaffen Räumlichkeiten und soziale Zusam­ schließende Anlagen und Einrichtungen für Freizeit menhänge neu, indem sie globale Technologien, und Konsum schossen in den letzten Jahren quasi Waren, Praktiken und Moden an­ bzw. verwenden wie Pilze aus dem Boden und wuchern weiterhin in und neu interpretieren. Der Beitrag illustriert, wie der Stadt und ihrer Peripherie.