Phase I Archaeological Intensive Survey of the East C Alternate for the Proposed KY 185 Realignment in Warren County, Kentucky (KYTC Item No. 3-110.00) THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK Prepared For: Mr. Chris Blevins Director of Environmental Services Palmer Engineering, Inc. P.O. Box 747 400 Shoppers Drive Winchester, KY 40392-0747 (859) 744-1218 Phase I Archaeological Intensive Survey of the East C Alternate for the Proposed KY 185 Realignment in Warren County, Kentucky (KYTC Item No. 3-110.00) Lead State Agency: Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Lead Federal Agency: Federal Highways Administration Written by: David W. Schatz, Richard Stallings, Chad Knopf, and Savannah Darr AMEC Earth & Environmental 690 Commonwealth Center 11003 Bluegrass Parkway Louisville, Kentucky 40299 (502) 267-0700 AMEC Project No. 7-6970-0007 Report of Cultural Resource Investigations 2011-016 July 14, 2011 Signature Michael W. French Project Principal Investigator THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK ABSTRACT Between April 11 and May 6, 2011, AMEC Earth & Environmental archaeologists conducted a Phase I archaeological survey of the East C Alternate of the proposed KY 185 realignment corridor in Warren County, Kentucky (Item No. 3-110.00). This survey was conducted at the request of Palmer Engineering, Inc. The project area consisted of a 1000 foot (305 meter) wide by 3.89 mile (6.27 kilometer) long corridor. The East C Alternate corridor encompassed a total of 472.3 acres (191.1 hectares). A small portion of the alternate (34.9 acres, 14.1 hectares) was inspected by AMEC archaeologists during the original survey of the KY 185 corridor (Knopf et al. 2010). Thus, there was a total of 437.4 acres (177.0 hectares) of the East C Alternate that had not been subjected to a Phase I survey. Landowners denied access to 95.0 acres (38.4 hectares) of the project area. The remaining 342.4 acres (138.6 hectares) was subjected to a combination of visual inspection and intensive shovel testing. A total of 2,990 shovel test probes were excavated in relatively level areas with poor surface visibility. Areas that were steeply sloped, had good surface visibility, or were obviously disturbed were covered by pedestrian survey and visually assessed. As a result of this investigation, AMEC archaeologists revisited one previously recorded archaeological site (15WA353) and identified ten new archaeological sites (15WA177- 15WA186) and nine isolated finds (IF 1-IF 9). The site inventory included one rockshelter, four prehistoric open habitations without mounds, four historic farms, and two sites containing both a prehistoric open habitation and historic farm. The only prehistoric diagnostic artifact recovered during the survey was an Early Archaic Kanawha Stemmed point from 15WA184. The historic components ranged from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. The isolated finds were all prehistoric flakes. Of the 11 archaeological sites within the corridor, one is considered potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Site 15WA353 is a large prehistorically occupied rockshelter containing “hominy holes”. Due to the potential for intact deposits beneath the roof fall, we recommend this site be avoided or subjected to Phase II investigations to evaluate its eligibility for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. It is our opinion that the remaining ten archaeological sites and isolated finds are not eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. These sites were sparse to moderate density artifact scatters that contained no evidence of intact features or midden and have a low potential to contain significant archaeological deposits. We recommend that no further archaeological investigations be conducted at these locations. Phase I Archaeological Intensive Survey for the East C Corridor of the Proposed KY185 Page i Realignment in Warren County, Kentucky (KYTC Item NO. 3-110.00) THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK Phase I Archaeological Intensive Survey for the East C Corridor of the Proposed KY185 Page ii Realignment in Warren County, Kentucky (KYTC Item NO. 3-110.00) TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE NO. ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. i 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose of Investigation .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Project Description and Area of Potential Effect ........................................................... 5 1.3 Disturbances within the East C Alternate Project Area ................................................. 5 1.4 Execution of Field Investigations and Restrictions/Limitations ..................................... 6 1.5 General Results of Field Investigations ........................................................................ 6 1.6 Curation of Artifacts, Field Notes, and other Records .................................................. 7 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................. 15 2.1 Physical Setting ......................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Geology ............................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Soils Encountered in the Project ROW................................................................. 16 2.2 Prehistoric and Historic Environment ......................................................................... 17 2.3 Survey Conditions ..................................................................................................... 19 3.0 CULTURAL/HISTORIC CONTEXT AND PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ........................................................................................................ 23 3.1 Prehistoric Cultural/Historical Context ........................................................................ 23 3.1.1 Paleoindian Period, ca. 9500-8000 B.C. .............................................................. 23 3.1.2 Archaic Period (ca 8000-1000 B.C.) ..................................................................... 24 3.1.3 Woodland Period, ca. 1000 B.C.-AD 1000 ........................................................... 25 3.1.4 Late Prehistoric Period, ca. A.D. 1000-1540 ........................................................ 25 3.2 Contact Period, ca. A.D. 1540-1795 .......................................................................... 26 3.3 Historic Period Cultural / Historical Context ............................................................... 27 3.3.1 Formation and Early Colonial and Post-Revolutionary American Settlement in Warren County ................................................................................................... 27 3.3.2 Warren County during the Civil War ..................................................................... 28 3.3.3 Warren County after the Civil War and into the Twentieth Century ....................... 29 3.4 OSA Records Check and Previous Archaeological Investigations ............................. 30 4.1 Background Investigation .......................................................................................... 35 4.2 Field Methods ............................................................................................................ 35 5.0 MATERIALS RECOVERED ........................................................................................... 37 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 37 5.2 Prehistoric Artifact Analysis ....................................................................................... 37 5.2.1 Raw Material Categories ...................................................................................... 38 5.2.2 Artifact Categories ............................................................................................... 39 5.2.3 Prehistoric Artifact Inventories for Sites and Isolated Finds .................................. 44 5.2.4 Prehistoric Artifact Summary ................................................................................ 47 5.3 Historic Artifact Analysis ............................................................................................ 47 5.3.1 Architectural Group .............................................................................................. 49 5.3.2 Kitchen Group ...................................................................................................... 52 5.3.3 Activity Group ...................................................................................................... 61 5.3.4 Clothing Group ..................................................................................................... 62 5.3.5 Firearms Group .................................................................................................... 63 5.3.6 Furniture Group ................................................................................................... 63 Phase I Archaeological Intensive Survey for the East C Corridor of the Proposed KY185 Page iii Realignment in Warren County, Kentucky (KYTC Item NO. 3-110.00) 5.3.7 Other/Unidentified Group ..................................................................................... 63 5.3.8