JUNE 1998 THIRTY·EIGHTH YEAR No. 323 PROPERTY OF U.S. ARMY THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAl'S SCHOOL LIBRARY INTERNATIONAL • OF THE RED CROSS +c Published four limes a year by the International Committee of Ihe Red Cross for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS CORNELIO SOMMARUGA, DoNor of Laws of the University of Zurich, Doctor h.c. of Fribourg University (Switzerland), Minho University, Braga (Portugal), Bologna University (Italy), Nice-Sophia Antipolis University (France), Seoul National University (Republic of Korea), Geneva University and Webster University (United States), President (member since 1986) ERIC ROETHLISBERGER, Doctorate ofPolitica! Science from the Graduate Institute ofInternational Studies in Geneva, permanent Vice-President (1994) ANNE PETITPIERRE, Doctor of Laws, Barrister, Professor at the Law Faculty of the University of Geneva, Vice-President (1987) ULRICH GAUDENZ MIDDENDORP, Doctor of Medicine, lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich. former head of the surgical department of the Cantonal Hospital, Winterthur (1973) RENEE GUISAN, General Secretary of the lnst;tut de 10 Vie in/emotional, head of medico-social institutions in the Canton of Vaud, member of the International Association for Volunteer Effort (1986) PAOLO BERNASCONI, Barrister, Bachelor of Laws, lecturer in fiscal law and economic criminal law at the Universities of St. Gallen, Zurich and Milan (Bocconi). former Public Prosecutor at Lugano (1987) LISELOTTE KRAUS-GURNY, Doctor of Laws of the University of Zurich (1988) SUSY BRUSCHWEILER, nurse, former Director of the Swiss Red Cross College of Nursing in Aarau, Chairwoman, SV-Service, Contract Catering ( 1988) JACQUES FORSTER, Doctor of Economics, Professor at the Graduate Institute of Development Studies in Geneva (1988) JACQUES MOREILLON. Bachelor of Laws. Doctor of Political Science, Secretary General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, former Director General at the ICRC (1988) RODOLPHE DE HALLER, Doctor of Medicine, lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, former President of the Swiss Association Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (1991) DANIEL THURER, Doctor of Laws, LL. M. (Cambridge), Professor at the University of Zurich (1991) JEAN-FRANC;:OIS AUBERT, Doctor ofLaws, Professor at the University of Neuchiitel, former member of the Swiss National Council and Council of States (1993) GEORGES-ANDRE CUENDET, Bachelor of Laws of the University of Geneva, graduate of the Institute of Political Studies of the University of Paris. Master of Arts of Stanford University (USA), member of the Administrative Council of Cologny, Geneva (1993) ERNST A. BRUGGER, Doctor of Natural Science, consultant for economic development issues, professor at the University of Zurich (1995) JEAN-ROGER BONVIN, Doctor of Economics of the University of St Gallen, President of the Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operalion and Development (OECD), Paris (1996) JAKOB NOESCH, diploma in agricultural engineering and doctorate in technical sciences from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Professor of Microbiology at the University of Basle. former President of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (1997) PETER ARBENZ, graduate in Economics, former Swiss Federal Council Delegate for Refugee Affairs, Chairman of the Zurich branch of the Swiss Red Cross, Consultant for Strategic and Enterprise Development (1983-1987, 1997). ANDRE VON MOOS, Doctor of Laws, Bachelor of Economics, SMP certificate of the Harvard Business School. Forrnely Chairman of the von Moos Group, industrialist (1998). OLIVIER VODOZ, Bachelor of Laws, Barrister, former Deputy in the Geneva Grand Conseil and former President of the Conseil d'Etat of the Republic and Canton of Geneva (1998). The International Committee ofthe Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation ofRed Cross and Red Crescent Societies, together with the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, form the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The ICRC, which gave rise to the Movement, is an independent humanitarian institution. As a neutral intermediary in the event of armed conflict or unrest it endeavours, on its own initiative or on the basis of the Geneva Conventions, to bring protection and assistance to the victims of international and non-international armed conflict and internal disturbances and tension. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS No. 323 June 1998 A note from the Editor 195 Cooperation between National Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross Cooperation between National Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross: an essential and demanding partnership Jean-LuG Blondel................................................................. ............... 197 Cooperation between the ICRe and the tracing services of the newly independent States of the former Soviet Union Violene Dogny 205 Cooperation: an essential means for conducting and developing the activities of the Cuban Red Cross Dr Marfa de los Angeles de Varona Hernandez.............................. 215 Operational cooperation between the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Nigerian Red Cross Society Ofor Nwobodo 221 Operational cooperation between participating National Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross Andreas Lendorff and Andreas Lindner 233 Cooperation between the International Committee of the Red Cross and National Societies in Bosnia-Herzegovina: broadening the Red Cross response Pierre KrahenbUhl........ 249 British Red Cross cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross: delegated water project in Bosnia-Herzegovina Teresa Hanley and John Mitchell 263 193 The ICRC's activities on the Indian subcontinent following partition (1947·1949) Catherine Rey-Schirr 267 The Lima hostage crisis: Some comments on the ICRC's role as a "neutral intermediary" Michel Minnig 293 The ICRC as a humanitarian mediator in the Colombian conflict: Possibilities and limits Thomas Jenatsch 303 The impact of humanitarian aid on conflict development Pierre Perrin 319 Security in ICRC field operations Philippe Dind 335 * * * The law of air warfare Javier Guistindez Gomez 347 International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC appoints members of collegial Directorate 365 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols First Periodical Meeting on International Humanitarian Law Geneva, 19-23 January 1998 - Chairman's report 366 Books and Reviews Luigi Condorelli, Anne-Marie La Rosa and Sylvie Scherrer (eds): The United Nations and international humanitarian law Rene Kosirnik 374 Greg Hansen and Robert Seely, War and humanitarian action in Chechnya Marion Harroff-Tavel........................................................ 379 Michael 1. Kelly, Peace Operations A.P. V. Rogers 383 Thomas G. Weiss, David Cortright, George A. Lopez and Larry Minear, Political gain and civilian pain: Humanitarian impacts of economic sanctions Larry Minear, David Cortright, Julia Wagler, George A. Lopez and Thomas G. Weiss, Toward more humane and effective sanctions management: Enhancing the capacity of the United Nations system Hans-Peter Gasser 387 Recent publications 391 Miscellaneous Ivan Nikiforovich Artsybasov (1927-1997) 395 194 A note from the Editor The unity of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is perhaps best illustrated by the concerted action taken by the Movement's various components on behalf of people who need assistance. Several articles in this issue of the Review highlight different types of cooperation between National Societies and the ICRC. The first shows that cooperation with National Societies is essential in spheres of activity which fall within the ICRC's mandate, for instance in the conduct of humanitarian oper­ ations and the dissemination of international humanitarian law. Another article examines certain aspects of action taken during an armed conflict or in its immediate aftermath, viewed mainly from the angle of operational cooperation. These two general presentations are followed by texts focus­ ing on specific examples, notably the assistance operation in Bosnia­ Herzegovina. By publishing these articles, the Review wishes to contribute to a better understanding of the day-to-day cooperation between the components of the Movement. The Review is also pleased to offer a number of contributions from authors with firsthand experience of some practical problems encountered by a humanitarian organization. Michel Minnig comments on the role of "neutral intermediary" that the ICRC endeavours to play in humanitarian matters; as a member of the ICRC delegation in Peru he was personally involved in the hostage crisis in Lima, and is therefore well placed to discuss the question. Another ICRC delegate, Thomas Jenatsch, describes the institution's activities in the context of Colombia's bloody internal conflict. Other topics addressed in this issue include security as a prerequisite of humanitarian action and rules of behaviour in assistance operations. Catherine Rey-Schirr takes us back in time with her account of ICRC activities on the Indian subcontinent during the events leading up to 195 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS partition, and the subsequent establishment of two new States, India and Pakistan, half a century ago. Finally, there is a general presentation of a chapter of the law of armed conflict that has been somewhat neglected in publications of