Topoľčany pogrom The Topoľčany pogrom was an anti-Jewish riot in Topoľčany, Slovakia on 24 September 1945 and the best-known incident of post-Holocaust violence against Jews in Slovakia. The Topoľčany pogrom underlying cause was resurgent antisemitism directed at Jewish Holocaust survivors who demanded the return of property that had been stolen during the Holocaust. Rumors spread that a local Catholic school would be nationalized and the nuns who taught there replaced by Jewish teachers. On the morning of 24 September, women demonstrated against the nationalization of the school, blaming Jews. That same day, a Jewish doctor was vaccinating children at the school. He was accused of poisoning non-Jewish children, sparking a riot. The police were unable to prevent it, and a local garrison of soldiers joined in. About forty-seven Jews were injured, and Topoľčany fifteen had to be hospitalized. In the immediate aftermath of the events, international coverage embarrassed the Czechoslovak authorities and the Czechoslovak Communist Party exploited the riots to accuse the Location Topoľčany, democratic authorities of ineffectiveness. A 2004 documentary film about the rioting, Miluj blížneho svojho ("Love thy neighbor"), sparked increased discussion of the events. The next year, Czechoslovakia the mayor of Topoľčany issued an official apology. Date 24 September 1945 Contents 8 am to noon Target Slovak Jews The Holocaust Deaths none After liberation Non-fatal 47 or 48 24 September riot injuries Aftermath Modern interpretations Legacy References The Holocaust On 14 March 1939, the Slovak State proclaimed its independence under the protection of Nazi Germany. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the persecution of Jews was "central to the domestic policy of the Slovak state".[1] The Slovak State liquidated some 10,000 Jewish-owned businesses and turned 2,300 over to "Aryan" owners, depriving most Slovak Jews of their livelihoods. The September 1941 "Jewish Code", based on the Nuremburg Laws, required Jews to wear yellow armbands, banned intermarriage, and conscripted able-bodied Jews for forced labor.[2][3] In 1942, 57,000 Jews, two-thirds of the Jews in Slovakia at the time, were deported. Most of them died in Auschwitz or other death camps.[4] During and after the fall 1944 Slovak National Uprising, Jews were again targeted for extermination; of the 25,000 remaining in Slovakia some 13,500 were deported (largely to Auschwitz) and hundreds murdered in Slovakia.[5][6] The Jewish community in Topoľčany, a midsize town eighty kilometers east of the capital Bratislava, was one of the wealthiest in the country. Most Jews made a living in trade or business; they owned 320 of 615 registered businesses.[7][8] Other Jews were professionals, making up a two-thirds of doctors and 57% of lawyers.[7] Of the 12,000 residents of Topoľčany in 1942, some 3,000 were Jewish.[9] On the 1930 census, about one-third of Jews registered themselves as Jewish by nationality, while the remainder declared themselves ethnic Germans, Carpathian Ruthenian Jews Hungarians, or Slovaks.[7] Although there was little social mixing between the predominantly Orthodox Jews and devoutly Catholic Slovaks, there were also few overt antisemitic incidents arrive at Auschwitz in 1944. before the war.[8] Jews participated in political life, having their own political party[7] and holding seats on the town council.[8] After 1938, Topoľčany became a "bastion" of the antisemitic, rightwing Slovak People's Party, and the majority of its residents supported the regime's anti-Jewish policies, including deportation.[8] 89 Jewish businesses were confiscated, mostly by members of the Slovak People's Party. According to Israeli historian Robert Büchler, most "Aryanizers" were not from Topoľčany but opportunistic incomers.[10] However, Czech historians Hana Kubátová and Michal Kubát quote Holocaust survivors who said that their neighbors turned on them and profited from anti-Jewish persecution.[11] Many Jews from Topoľčany were deported in 1942 and murdered, but some managed to survive by agreeing to work as forced laborers at Nováky camp in Slovakia, which was liberated during the 1944 uprising. The prisoners fled to the mountains and many survived the war in hiding or fighting with the partisans.[8][12] The number of Holocaust survivors returning to the town after the war has been estimated at 550,[9] about 700,[8] or 750.[10] Most of the survivors had been socioeconomically advantaged compared to other Jews and leveraged their wealth to avoid deportation to extermination camps.[8][10] Among the survivors in Topoľčany, there were a disproportionate number of intact families and children compared to other locations.[12] After liberation After the liberation of Slovakia by the Red Army in March and April 1945, Holocaust survivors from Topoľčany faced a resurgence of antisemitism. According to Slovak “ [The] authorities did little to protect the Jews. In historian Ivan Kamenec, their presence became an "open and silent reproach" to those Slovaks who had stood by or supported the persecution of Jews.[10] Many many cases they even accused the Jews of enraging survivors attempted to regain the property that they had owned before the war. Those who had stolen Jewish property were reluctant to return it. Former partisans, or the public with their "provocative" behavior (in [13][14] daring to demand their basic rights). ” individuals claiming to have been partisans, had also appropriated some of the stolen property, in their view a rightful reward for their opposition to Nazism. Jana Šišjaková also highlights the fascist regime's propaganda's lingering influence on perceptions of Jews.[15] Historian Robert Büchler[13] These two groups mounted a campaign of intimidation—rioting, looting, assaults, and threats—aimed at forcing Jews to leave and to give up their property claims.[13][16] Meanwhile, officials ostensibly sympathetic to the Jews advised them to behave as to avoid inciting violence against them.[13] One of the first post-liberation riots occurred in the eastern Slovak city of Košice on 2 May, before the end of the war. The Topoľčany pogrom is considered the most severe[13][16] or notorious[17] anti-Jewish riot in postwar Slovakia. Overall, at least thirty-six Jews were murdered and more than one hundred injured between 1945 and 1948 in Slovakia, according to Polish historian Anna Cichopek.[17] For four weeks prior to the riot, antisemites in Topoľčany distributed anti-Jewish propaganda and physically harassed Jews. In early September, nuns who taught at a local Catholic school for girls heard that their institution was about to be nationalized, and that they would be replaced. Although many Slovak schools were nationalized in 1945, rumors that it was due to a Jewish conspiracy and that Jewish teachers would replace gentiles were unfounded. The mothers of children at the school petitioned the government not to nationalize it and accused Jews of trying to take over the school for the benefit of Jewish children.[10] On Sunday, 23 September 1945, people threw stones at a young Jewish man at a train station and vandalized a house inhabited by Jews in nearby Žabokreky. The next day, gentile Slovaks gathered on the streets and chanted antisemitic slogans; a few Jews were assaulted and their homes burglarized. Policemen declined to intervene based on unfounded rumors that Jews had killed four children in Topoľčany. In Chynorany rumor held that thirty children had been murdered by Jews; at least one Jew was attacked and others were robbed.[18][19] 24 September riot At 8 am on 24 September in Topoľčany, 60 women—most of them mothers of local children—went to the local district national committee (ONV) to demand that the nationalization be halted and Jewish children expelled from the school.[20] This was part of a larger pattern in which women, who had been among the most fervent supporters of the Slovak People's Party, played a central role in fomenting antisemitic demonstrations and violence.[21] The deputy chair of the ONV allegedly told them "to take guns and go for the Jews".[22] Another official in the ONV supposedly said that the proposed nationalization was none of their business. The school inspector for the city intervened, trying to convince the protestors that the rumors of nationalization were not based in fact. By this time, about 160 people had were demonstrating outside of the office and circulating rumors of Jewish teachers replacing the nuns and Jews destroying Christian religious symbols.[22][23] Other rumors claimed that "Jews do not work and still enjoy above average lifestyles and are involved in illegal business".[23] When the women left the office, they began to chant antisemitic slogans and headed towards the school. The local police office, consisting of seven men, attempted to disperse them, but failed.[24] The women began to accuse a local Jewish doctor, Karol Berger, who was at the school that day to vaccinate seven- and eight-year-old “ Away with Jews, Jews are guilty of everything, expel Jewish children from our schools, and prohibit children, of poisoning them instead. This precipitated the large-scale violence that was to follow. When they arrived at the school, the women broke inside. Jewish doctors, the Bergers, from vaccinating our [22][25] Misinterpreting the cries made by children upset by the rioting, they accosted Berger, shouting "You Jew, you poison our children!". Berger was taken outside and children! ” handed over to the crowd. With a Jewish soldier, he managed to escape and hid in the police office before joining other Jewish victims in the hospital later that day. Antisemitic slogans attributed to the rioters[22] Cichopek and Kamenec estimate that 200 to 300 people of the 9,000 residents of Topoľčany participated in the riot, physically assaulting local Jews on the street and burglarizing their homes.[26] Jews sheltering at the police station were protected by the policemen.